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CLIMATOGRAPHY 


SALT   RIVER  VALLEY   REGION    OF 
ARIZONA 

THE  LAND  OF  HEALTH  AND  SUNSHINE 


STUDIES    FOR    PHYSICIAN'S    AND   LAYMEN,    WITH    METEOROLOGICAL   DATA    COMPILED   FROM  THE 

REPORTS   OF  THE   UNITED    STATES    WEATHER    BUREAU    IN   TABULAR    FORM,     COMPARING 

THIS  WITH  OTHER  PARTS   OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  VITAL  STATISTICS,  AND  LIST 

OF    DISEASES    EITHER    BENEFITED    OR   CURED     IN    THIS     SALUBRIOUS 

CLIMATE,    AND    COMPLETE    AND    ACCURATE    DATA    FOR    THE 

INFORMATION   OF   INVALID   OR   HOME   SEEKER. 


WM.  LAWRENCE  WOODRUFF,  M.  D. 

PHOENIX,    ARIZONA 


CHICAGO 
R.  R.  DONNELLEY  &  SONS  COMPANY 

i8q8 


Copyright,  1898 
By  Wm.  Lawrence  Woodruff 


p 


THE  CLIMATE  OF  PHOENIX  AND  THE  SALT 
RIVER  REGION  OF  ARIZONA. 

An  article  by  Wm.  Lawrence  Woodruff,  M.D.,  of  Phoenix,  Arizona, 
printed  in  the  Hahnemannian  Monthly  for  December,  1895,  re- 
printed in  the  Scientific  American  (Supplement)  of  January,  1896, 
and  reprinted  in  the  Sanitarian  for  May,  1896,  and  reprinted  in 
The  Arizonian  for  January,  1896. 

The  inquiries  about  Plioenix  and  the  Salt  River  Valley 
as  a  health  resort  are  becoming  so  numerous  that  I  take  it 
the  profession  at  large  will  welcome  facts  concerning  this 
valley,  and  facts  only  I  will  endeavor  to  state  in  this 
article.  My  aim  is  to  cover  the  ground  fully  with  the  most 
reliable  data  attainable. 

Phoenix  and  the  Salt  River  Valley  are  situated  in  lati- 
tude 33°  north,  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  Arizona.  The 
valley  is  from  five  to  seventy-five  miles  wide,  and  about  two 
hundred  miles  long,  and  throughout  its  entire  length  and 
breadth  has  a  climate  claimed  to  be  the  best  in  the  world. 
To  rightly  appreciate  the  claims  of  this  valley  as  a  health 
resort,  we  must  for  a  moment  look  at  the  physical  geog- 
raphy of  this  region.  There  are  high  mountain  ranges  to 
the  north  and  east,  also  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast 
Ranges  to  the  west,  with  a  short  spur  of  low  mountains  to 
the  south.  The  high  mountain  ranges  protect  this  section 
from  all  cold  winds,  and  to  this  protection  from  cold, 
nature  has  added  yet  another  feature,  which  is  mainly  the 
cause  of  the  phenomenal  climatic  conditions  found  in  this 

3 

9:^3015 


region,  namely,  proximity  to  the  Gulf  of  California.  The 
Salt  River  Valley,  with  the  Gila  Valley,  its  extension  to 
the  southwest,  is  an  open  valley  with  continuous  mountain 
chains  of  more  or  less  altitude  on  either  side,  and  practi- 
cally maintains  these  characteristics  clear  to  the  head  of  the 
gulf.  The  Gulf  of  California,  with  the  Coast  Range  on  its 
west  to  protect  it  from  cold,  northwest  winds,  and  a  lower 
mountain  range  east  of  it  is  so  situated  that  it  catches  and 
retains  the  warm  winds  and  ocean  currents  from  the  Indian 
Ocean  and  the  equatorial  Pacific,  and  passes  them  up  to 
the  head  of  the  gulf,  and,  consequently,  is  largely  responsi- 
ble for  the  warm,  mild  winters.  It  will  be  seen  by  the 
above  how  nature  has  provided  a  channel  whereby,  in  this 
southwest  corner  of  the  United  States,  she  has  reproduced 
a  climate  tropical  in  all  its  essential  parts,  with  none  of  the 
drawbacks  of  the  tropics,  namely,  excessive  humidity  and 
malaria.  Here,  right  in  our  midst,  nature  has  given  a 
climate  as  mild  and  balmy  as  that  of  the  tropical  Pacific 
islands,  and  with  the  same  even  temperature,  and  at  the 
same  time  at  an  altitude  of  only  eleven  hundred  feet,  a 
dryness  of  atmosphere  equaled  by  few  localities  and  ex- 
celled by  none  other  in  the  civilized  world.  It  will  now  be 
understood  how  a  climate  that  seldom  gives  a  temperature 
at  the  freezing  point,  with  rarely  a  cloudy  day — there  is 
less  than  one  in  ten  during  the  winter,  and  for  weeks  at  a 
time  during  the  summer  there  is  not  a  cloud  in  the  sky — is 
possible  at  this  latitude.  Here  is  found  every  element  that 
goes  to  make  up  a  perfect  climate.  The  best  proof  on  this 
point  is  the  exceptionally  low  death-rate,  which  is  8  ii-ioo 
per  i,ooo  inhabitants.  This  sun-kissed  valley  has  but  two 
seasons — the  winter  season,  which  is  a  happy  blending  of 


fall  into  spring,  and  the  summer,  which  commences  about 
May  ist,  and  continues  until  about  October  ist.  The  sum- 
mer days  are  bright,  clear  and  hot,  with  a  maximum  daily 
temperature  ranging  from  96°  to  112°.  It  is  as  rare  for 
the  mercury  to  go  above  this  in  summer  as  it  is  rare  for  it 
to  go  below  the  freezing  point  in  winter.  There  is  usually 
some  little  rain  in  the  latter  part  of  July  or  during  August, 
usually  in  showers,  possibly  averaging  an  inch  of  rainfall 
during  the  summer  season.  To  rightly  appreciate  the 
effects  of  the  summer  heat,  one  must  recognize  the  differ- 
ence between  a  wet  and  a  dry-bulb  thermometer.  The  dif- 
ference is  usually  from  20°  to  30°.  Here,  the  reading  of 
the  wet-bulb  gives  our  actual  sensible  heat,  while  in  more 
humid  countries  the  reading  of  the  dry-bulb  is  so  nearly 
like  that  of  the  wet-bulb  that  the  difference  is  rarely  per- 
ceptible. The  average  humidity  is  only  about  30  per  cent, 
for  the  year,  and  there  are  weeks  at  a  time  during  the  sum- 
mer when  it  will  run  far  below  this  point.  This  is  the  rea- 
son, coupled  with  the  fact  that  there  is  always  a  gentle 
breeze  stirring,  why  our  summers  are  not  only  endurable, 
but,  in  fact,  do  not  cause  as  much  discomfort  or  prostra- 
tion as  is  experienced  in  other  parts  of  the  country.  The 
summer  months  are  the  healthiest  of  the  year.  During 
these  months  the  death  rate  is  only  one-third  of  one  per 
cent.  Bowel  troubles  and  fevers  are  almost  unknown  dur- 
ing the  heated  term,  there  being  less  than  two  deaths  per 
month  from  all  forms  of  bowel  troubles  among  infants  in  a 
population  of  14,000.  Is  there  another  place  in  the  world 
that  can  make  such  a  showing?  During  these  months  per- 
spiration is  very  copious,  and,  owing  to  the  very  dry  air, 
evaporation  is  instantaneous  and  a  material  aid  to  comfort. 


With  this  statement  the  fact  will  be  readily  understood  that 
rheumatism,  kidney  diseases,  and  diseases  of  the  respiratory 
tract  make  their  greatest  improvement  during  this  half  of 
the  year.  This  is  especially  so  with  persons  suffering  from 
insomnia  and  nervous  prostration.  Sunstroke  is  unknown, 
and  it  is  as  safe  for  people  to  come  here  during  the  heated 
term  as  at  any  other  time  of  the  year. 

Now,  as  to  the  winter  months.  The  visitor  will  find 
the  days  balmy,  dreamy,  restful;  the  air  pure,  dry,  brac- 
ing; the  nights  cool  and  delightful.  Save  during  the  rainy 
seasons,  it  is  perfectly  safe  and  comfortable  to  be  out  of 
doors  day  and  night.  The  rainy  season  usually  lasts  a 
week  or  so,  and  the  rainfall  is  not  heavy.  The  annual  pre- 
cipitation is  something  less  than  seven  inches.  The  fol- 
lowing table  shows  the  maximum  temperature  for  a  period 
from  December  31,  1894,  to  January  9,  1895,  inclusive,  at 
several  places.     An  examination  of  this  table  will  show  that 


Date. 


December  31,  1894 

January  i,  1895 

"  2,     "     

3,  "     

4,  "     

5,  "     

'«  6,     "     

7.     "     

"         8,     "     

9,     "     

Range  of  Temp,  for  the   10 
days 


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57 

70 

55 

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10 

15 

31 

26 

40 

11 

12 

7 

2 

15 

16 


Phoenix  has  the  most  even  temperature  of  all  the  places 
named,  with  but  two  exceptions,  one  being  Cairo,  Egypt, 
whose  highest  temperature  is  65° — but  one  degree  above 
our  lowest,  64° — and  Malta,  with  59°  as  the  highest  point 
reached,  being  5°  below  our  lowest  point.  These  two 
places — as,  indeed,  do  all  the  rest  named — have  a  damp, 
moist  atmosphere,  which  greatly  increases  the  perceptible 
difference  in  the  range  of  temperature. 

This  valley  has  everything  that  goes  to  make  up  a  per- 
fect winter  home.  It  has  the  minimum  of  rainfall  —  7 
inches  per  annum;  second,  the  minimum  of  atmospheric 
moisture — 30  per  cent,  humidity;  third,  it  has  the  mini- 
mum air  movement — its  annual  average  is  less  than  2^ 
miles  per  hour,  and  is  generally  from  the  southwest; 
fourth,  the  minimum  of  death-rate,  being  but  8  ii-ioo  per 
1,000  inhabitants;  fifth,  the  minimum  of  malaria,  there 
being  none;  sixth,  low  altitude — 1,100  feet  above  the  sea- 
level;  seventh,  the  maximum  of  sunshine — an  average  of 
nine  days  out  of  ten  of  bright  sunshine,  when  out-of-door 
life  is  enjoyable  and  healthful.  We  have  here  within  easy 
reach,  and  within  the  bounds  of  our  own  country,  all  the 
merits  ascribed  to  Italy  or  Egypt,  with  none  of  their  draw- 
backs. We  have  all  that  Florida  enjoys,  with  none  of  her 
moist,  sticky  atmosphere  and  none  of  her  malaria.  We 
have  the  same  balmy  air  and  even  temperature  of  Califor- 
nia, without  her  fogs,  dampness,  or  malaria.  We  have  the 
same  dry,  bracing  air  that  has  Colorado,  without  her  bliz- 
zards and  high  altitudes.  We  have  all,  and  infinitely  more, 
of  all  the  good  things  claimed  for  these  localities,  without 
their  unfavorable  conditions.  There  may  be  a  few  locali- 
ties where  the  actual  difference  in  temperature  between  day 


and  night  is  less  than  in  the  Salt  River  Valley,  but  these 
places  have  much  greater  humidity.  As  in  summer,  so 
here  in  winter,  with  our  very  dry  air,  the  perceptible  dif- 
ference between  day  and  night  temperatures,  and  the  actual 
discomfort  experienced  thereby,  is  much  less  than  is  the 
case  in  localities  with  more  moisture  in  the  air.  Situated 
in  the  midst  of  this  valley,  about  150  miles  from  the  head 
of  the  Gulf  of  California,  1,100  feet  above  the  sea-level, 
lies  Phoenix,  the  capital  of  Arizona  and  the  metropolis  of 
the  Salt  River  Valley.  It  is  the  healthiest  city  in  the 
known  world,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  prosperous  and  con- 
stantly growing  farming  community.  It  has  all  the  modern 
improvements  and  the  snap  and  vim  of  the  young  metrop- 
olis. Her  citizens  are  quiet,  peaceable  and  law-abiding, 
and  ready  to  receive  with  true  hospitality  those  who  seek 
her  perpetual  sunshine.  The  town  is  making  a  phenomenal 
growth,  in  spite  of  the  hard  times,  and  will  soon  have  the 
best  of  accommodations  for  the  health-seeker,  who  will  find 
the  pure,  dry,  warm,  health-giving  air  free  for  all. 

The  following  comparative  mortality  table  shows  the 
yearly  deaths  in  1,000  inhabitants  in  the  cities  named.  It 
will  be  noticed  that  Phoenix  stands  at  the  head  of  the  list. 
Phoenix,  Ariz.,  8  ii-ioo;  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  14  40-100; 
Long  Branch,  N.  J.,  9  88-100;  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  18 
38-100;  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  960-100;  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  9 
40-100;  San  Bernardino,  Cal.,  11  30-100.  There  are  no 
public  records  from  which  an  accurate  table  of  vital  statis- 
tics can  be  compiled.  The  records  of  the  undertakers  in 
the  territory  named  are  accurate  and  complete  for  the  past 
three  years,  and  include,  with  very  few  exceptions,  all  the 
deaths  in  that  territory  during  the  period  covered.     These 


records  have  been  kindly  placed  at  my  disposal,  and  from 
them  I  have  prepared  a  table  with  a  great  deal  of  care. 
For  all  practical  purposes  it  is  accurate  and  reliable. 

VITAL  STATISTICS  OF  THAT  PART  OF  THE  SALT  RIVER  VALLEY  NORTH 
OF  THE  SALT  RIVER,  WEST  OF  THE  VERDE  RIVER  AND  EAST  OF 
THE  AGUA  FRIA  RIVER,  COVERING  A  TERRITORY  OF  250  SQUARE 
MILES,  AND  INCLUDING  THE  CITY  OF  PHOENIX.  THE  POPULA- 
TION ON  A  CONSERVATIVE  BASIS  IS  PUT  AT  I4,000  ;  FOR  1S95, 
AT    15,000;    FOR    1S96,  16,000. 


Total  number  of  deaths  .. 
Transients 

Accidental  deaths 

Among  residents 

Percentages,  fractions  i<J. 


CLASSIFIED   BY   AGES. 

Deaths  under  5  years  of  age. 
Deaths  over  70  years  of  age. 
Deaths  over  50  years  of  age, 


DURING   THE    SUMMER    MOS. — 
JUNE  -  SEPTEMBER. 
Total 

Transients  and  accidentals 

Residents,  from  natural  cause 

Percentages,  fractions  1% 

Under  5  years  of  age 

Under  5,  of  bowel  trouble 


CAUSES    OF    DEATH. 

Stomach  and  bowel  disease. 
Nervous  and  brain  disease  . 

Typhoid  fever . 

Scarlet  fever 

Measles 

Diphtheria 

Heart  disease . 

Disease  respiratory  organs. 

Old  age 

All  other  causes 


1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

133 

185 

168 

141 

29 

38 

41 

47 

10 

15 

7 

13 

94 

13^ 

120 

81 

t 

6 

7 

^ 

28 

59 

33 

29 

12 

8 

13 

7 

31 

32 

36 

19 

41 

75 

54 

58 

8 

21 

13 

23 

33 

54 

41 

35 

i 

1 

i 

i 

6 

28 

13 

14 

6 

II 

9 

5 

10 

30 

21 

14 

17 

8 

4 

8 

2 

4 

4 

2 

I 

3 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

5 

2 

0 

8 

I 

7 

3 

50 

73 

61 

56 

4 

4 

6 

4 

40 

56 

58 

54 

1896 


20  s 

78 
15 

112 


38 
10 

43 


75 
25 
50 
I 
19 


IS 
6 

4 
o 


8 
82 

3 
87 


Note. — Deaths  designated  as  transients  are  only  those  of  per- 
sons who  have  been  here  but  a  brief  period  prior  to  their  decease, 
coming  here  as  a  last  resort  in  the  advanced  stages  of  diseases  of  the 
respiratory  organs,  which  accounts  for  the  large  number  of  deaths 
under  this  head.  A  large  number  of  those  claimed  as  residents 
ought  properly  to  have  been  included  in  the  transient  class. 


lO 

The  following  statement  will  illustrate  the  general 
healthfulness  of  this  valley  under  one  set  of  conditions: 

Phoenix,  September  28,  1895. 

Dear  Doctor: — I  have  been  working  large  gangs  of  men 
in  construction-work  of  different  kinds,  for  the  last  four- 
teen years,  in  the  Northwest  and  in  Canada.  Last  spring 
I  brought  in  a  large  gang  of  men  from  Minnesota,  and  for 
the  last  six  months  have  been  working  them  with  others  in 
your  valley,  and  never,  in  all  my  experience,  has  the  per- 
centage of  sickness  been  so  low  as  during  these  past  six 
months. 

(Signed)  S.  R.  H.  Robinson,  Superintendent, 

Minnesota  and  Arizona  Construction  Company. 

Now,  as  to  diseased  conditions:  Asthmatics  usually  re- 
ceive prompt  relief  and  a  permanent  cure.  The  dry,  warm 
air,  and  low  altitude  agree  with  them  perfectly.  If  there 
is  a  recurrence  it  is  during  the  rainy  season,  and  is  usually 
but  slight,  to  disappear  again  as  soon  as  the  usually  dry 
atmospheric  conditions  prevail.  This  is  equally  so  of 
aphonia,  bronchitis,  and  laryngitis;  and,  in  fact,  of  all  dis- 
eases of  the  respiratory  organs.  Tuberculosis,  by  the 
dry,  hot  air  of  summer,  is  checked  in  its  development;  and 
if  the  patient  is  not  in  the  last  stages,  a  continuous  resi- 
dence under  these  favorable  conditions,  will  greatly  pro- 
long life,  and  often  eventually  bring  about  a  cure.  Let  me 
say  here,  if  the  patients  have  entered  the  last  stage  of  the 
disease,  in  the  interest  of  humanity  keep  them  at  home. 
This  cannot  be  emphasized  too  strongly.  There  they  will 
have  more  comforts;  and  the  radical  change  of  climate,  with 
the  long,  and  tiresome  journey  necessary  in  reaching  here, 


only  tends  to  materially  hasten  the  end.  During  the  win- 
ter months,  this  class  of  patients,  in  common  with  all 
others,  may  reasonably  expect  to  hold  their  own,  and  usu- 
ally make  substantial  gains.  It  will  readily  be  perceived 
by  a  careful  perusal  of  this  article,  that  there  is  greater 
reason  to  expect  beneficial  results  in  all  diseased  conditions 
from  a  sojourn  in  this  climate,  than  in  any  other  winter 
resort.  While  this  is  undoubtedly  so,  it  is  equally  true 
that  the  hot,  dry  air  of  summer  produces  the  best  results. 
In  heart  diseases  we  find  the  cooler  weather  of  winter  the 
most  beneficial.  In  some  cases  the  reverse  is  true.  The 
hotter  and  dryer  it  gets,  the  more  comfortable  the  patient 
becomes.  This  is  especially  so  where  the  disease  is  com- 
plicated with  diseased  kidneys  or  rheumatic  diathesis. 
Catarrhal  conditions  of  head  and  throat  are  most  relieved 
during  the  summer,  especially  the  moist  varieties.  Diseases 
of  the  digestive  tract,  dyspepsia,  chronic  dysentery,  and 
diarrhea,  do  exceedingly  well  here,  and  are  usually 
promptly  relieved.  This  is  doubly  true  during  the  hot 
months.  The  summer  conditions,  of  high  temperature  and 
low  humidity,  cause  a  determination  of  blood  to  the  sur- 
face, maintaining  it  there  for  months  at  a  time,  and 
thereby  entirely  relieving  all  internal  congestions.  Kidney 
troubles  are  so  prevalent  I  must  not  forget  to  mention,  that 
during  the  heated  term  the  kidneys  excrete  less  than  one- 
half  of  the  normal  quantity  of  urine.  During  this  period 
of  rest,  the  unloading  of  the  effete  material  of  the  system 
is  carried  on  by  the  sweat-glands  of  the  skin,  and  a  healthy 
equilibrium  is  maintained.  This  continuous  high  temper- 
ature and  very  dry  air  keeps  the  blood  at  the  surface, 
thereby  making  the  sweat-glands   very   active.      Perspira- 


tion  is  constant  and  copious,  and,  by  its  instant  evapora- 
tion, keeps  the  surface  cool  and  the  bodily  temperature  at 
normal.  These  conditions  are  very  advantageous  to  dis- 
eased kidneys,  giving  them  a  much  needed  rest,  and  an 
opportunity  to  recuperate.  When  to  this  is  added  a  drink- 
ing-water, pure,  wholesome,  and  devoid  of  all  alkali,  it  is 
easily  understood  why  this  valley  is  fast  getting  an  enviable 
reputation  for  the  alleviation  and  cure  of  all  forms  of  this 
disease.  In  rheumatic  affections,  while  in  winter  patients  are 
made  very  comfortable,  it  is  in  summer  that  the  constant 
free  perspiration  maintained  for  months  without  ceasing, 
entirely  eliminates  from  the  system  all  morbid  material. 
In  diseases  of  the  nervous  system,  so  prevalent  in  this  age, 
this  climate  is  a  true  panacea.  This  is  especially  so  of 
persons  suffering  from  insomnia  and  nervous  prostration. 
Here,  again,  the  best  results  are  during  the  summer 
months.  The  universal  verdict  is,  "I  have  nowhere  else  slept 
as  I  do  here."  This  is  the  universal  expression.  The  tired- 
out,  starved  nerves,  over-worked  and  over-wrought,  experi- 
ence in  this  balmy  air  the  perfect  relaxation  and  rest  they 
so  long  have  been  in  need  of.  The  dry,  hot  air  of  summer 
seems  to  quiet  the  nervous  system,  is  soothing,  restful,  and 
when  to  this  a  voracious  appetite  is  added,  with  perfect  di- 
gestion, which  is  the  only  epidemic  during  this  season,  the 
results  are  understood  without  further  elaboration.  Fin- 
ally, the  perfect  summer  nights  soothe  and  rest  one's 
nerves  as  does  nothing  else  in  all  the  world. 


THE  CLIMATE  OF  SALT  RIVER  VALLEY. 

A  paper  read  before  the  American  Institute  of  Homoeopathy  at 
Detroit,  Michigan,  in  June  1S96,  by  Wm.  L.  Woodruff,  M.D., 
Phoenix,  Arizona,  and  printed  in  the  "Transactions"  of  that 
year  at  page  994. 

That  climate  stands  at  the  head  of  the  list  of  favorable 
conditions  requisite  for  the  successful  prevention  and 
arrest  of  the  progress  of  a  large  number  of  diseases  I  think 
you  will  all  readily  admit. 

I  think  it  equally  true,  that,  believing  the  above,  the 
profession  are  anxious  to  learn  of  the  best  place  for  the 
greatest  number.  That  place  I  claim,  and  will  try  to 
prove,  is  the  Salt  River  Valley  in  the  southwestern  quarter 
of  Arizona,  with  Phoenix  as  its  largest  center  of  popula- 
tion. 

The  essential  features  of  climate  necessary  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  an  ideal  health  resort,  for  persons  suffering 
with  chronic  diseases  generally,  and  especially  with  diseases 
of  lung  and  throat,  kidneys,  rheumatism,  and  conditions  of 
mal-nutrition  are,  First,  a  warmth  and  geniality  which  en- 
ables the  weakened  subject  to  spend  the  greatest  possible 
amount  of  time  in  the  pure  air  with  the  minimum  amount 
of  clothing.  Second,  a  degree  of  dryness  of  the  atmos- 
phere which  will  insure  rapid  and  easy  elimination  from 
the  skin,  thus  relieving  the  weakened  and  diseased  mucous 

13 


14 

surfaces  from  the  full  task  of  elimination,  which  ordinarily 
they  are  expected  to  perform,  but  under  diseased  condi- 
tions cannot  accomplish,  in  consequence  of  which  inability 
there  is  imperfect  elimination,  and  gradual  poisoning  of  the 
system  from  the  circulation  of  blood  not  fully  deprived  of 
its  effete  material.  Third,  an  equability  of  climate,  which 
does  not  suddenly  go  from  great  extremes  of  heat  to  cold, 
whose  night  and  day  temperatures  are  not  too  far  separ- 
ated, and  where  there  is  so  little  dampness  in  the  air  that 
the  changes  in  temperature  are  but  little  felt.  Fourth, 
the  minimum  of  wind  movement,  and  that  with  the  least 
possible  contamination  from  decaying  vegetable  substances, 
decomposed  animal  matter,  or  poisonous  gases  of  whatever 
origin.  Fifth,  such  a  combination  of  climate,  general 
healthfulness  and  commercial,  industrial  and  social  advant- 
ages that  the  health  seeker  may  live  in  comfort  and  with 
profit,  if  he  be  inclined  to  employ  himself  in  remunerative 
occupations  within  the  limits  of  his  strength. 

Imagine,  if  you  can,  a  valley  varying  from  5  to  75  miles 
in  width  and  200  miles  in  length,  with  continuous  mountain 
chains  on  either  side,  running  from  northeast  to  southwest, 
this  valley  terminating  in  a  gulf  whose  surface  contains 
53,000  square  miles,  whose  opening  into  the  equatorial 
Pacific  Ocean  is  250  miles  wide,  and  having  the  same  con- 
tinuous mountain  chains.  You  can  then  readily  understand 
how  the  equatorial  trade  winds  sweeping  up  the  west  coast 
of  Mexico  enter  with  the  tropical  ocean  currents  the  con- 
fines surrounding  the  Gulf  of  California,  and  that  these 
winds,  after  sweeping  over  these  53,000  square  miles  of 
tropical  waters,  form  the  prevailing  winter  winds  of  this 
vast  valley,  and  in  great  measure  produce  the  mild,  salu- 


15 

brious  winters  for  which  the  upper  part  of  this  valley, 
known  as  the  Salt  River  Valley,  is  fast  becoming  famous. 

To  this  add  continuous  high  mountain  ranges  surround- 
ing us  on  the  west,  north,  and  east,  and  you  have  a  land- 
or  rather  rock-locked  valley,  from  which  all  the  cold  win- 
ter winds  are  excluded,  and  if  perchance  while  the  blizzard 
is  sweeping  over  the  rest  of  the  country  we  should  feel  the 
edge  of  it,  it  can  only  reach  us  by  the  settling  down  of  the 
upper  air  currents,  and  not  by  a  direct  blow. 

Here  in  this  favored  spot — the  sun-kissed  Valley  of  the 
Salt  River — you  will  find  a  haven  of  rest  and  safety  for  the 
invalid  that  fills  all  the  requirements,  and  the  like  of 
which  does  not  exist  in  any  other  portion  of  the  known  world. 

Winters  in  the  Salt  River  Valley  are  mild,  salubrious, 
with  rarely  a  severe  frost.  Out  of  door  life  is  possible, 
customary  and  enjoyable,  and  excepting  the  rainy  season, 
which  lasts  but  a  few  days,  one  can  sleep  out  of  doors  with 
impunity.  The  invalid  can  spend  every  hour  of  the  twen- 
ty-four out  of  doors,  or  in  a  tent,  not  only  without  risk  but 
with  great  benefit.  The  pure,  warm,  dry  air,  is  invigorating 
and  life-giving,  and  is  indeed  Nature's  stimulant  and  tonic. 

The  days  are  warm,  delightful,  sunshiny.  A  cloudy  day 
is  a  curiosity,  there  being  rarely  more  than  two  or  three 
during  the  month.  There  is,  I  think,  no  other  place  in  the 
civilized  world  where  the  cloudy  days  are  so  few  and  the 
sunshine  so  continuous  and  perpetual.  The  following 
tables  will  demonstrate  this  better  than  anything  that  I 
can  say: 


i6 


COMPARATIVE   DATA  AT   PHOENIX,  ARIZ.,  AUGUST,   1895,  TO  JUNE,   1896. 


11 

.Q 

>> 

Data. 

3 

3 

E 
0. 

0 

s 

> 
0 

s 

1) 
0 

3 
c 

3 

a, 

0 

< 

in 

0 

;s 

0 

bn 

S 

< 

S 

Mean    actual 

temperature  .. 

89 

82 

72 

.S7 

49 

.S4 

.S6 

62 

64 

74 

.. 

Mean     sensible 

temperature  _- 

70 

64 

S9 

49 

41 

44 

44 

48 

48 

S4 

__ 

Lowest  temp 

^5 

47 

4S 

34 

23 

30 

28 

34 

38 

4S 

._ 

Highest  temp.-__ 

no 

107 

93 

83 

78 

79 

82 

92 

89 

no 

Mean  rel.  humid- 

ity, 5  A.M. 

61 

.S4 

67 

81 

76 

69 

6S 

56 

SO 

41 

.. 

Mean  rel.  humid- 

ity, 5  P.M 

27 

29 

39 

54 

40 

40 

2S 

21 

IS 

14 

._ 

Percentage       of 

sunshine 

8s 

89 

88 

81 

88 

77 

87 

7S 

91 

89 

Monthly  rainfall 

(inches) 

0.27 

O.IO 

080 

0.89 

0.09 

0.46 

0.05 

0.39 

0.05 

trace 

-- 

Trace  rainfall  =  too  small  to  measure. 
100  =  continuous  sunshine. 
Station  established  August,  1895. 

Arthur  S.  White,  Observer  in  charge. 

COMPARATIVE    TABLE    OF    DRY-BULB    MEAN    TEMPERATURES. 


Phoenix,  A.  T 

San  Diego,  Calif. 

San  Antonio,   Texas. 

Santa  Fe,  N.  M. 

Denver,  Colo. 

Los  Angeles,  Calif. 


l8qS. 

1896. 

Elevation 

above 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

.'^pr. 

sea  level. 

72.0 

.S7-0 

490 

540 

56.0 

62.0 

64.0 

1 160  feet 

63.8 

58.1 

54  3 

54-5 

57-5 

576 

i;6.o 

93     " 

^S5 

.SS4 

5 '-7 

520 

54-2 

59 -^ 

68.1 

679     " 

46.9 

32.6 

23.8 

317 

31.6 

.^9-8 

47-7 

6998     " 

46.4 

35-4 

31  7 

35-2 

362 

35-5 

48,6 

5287     " 

66.0 

600 

56.0 

580 

600 

57.0 

56.0 

330    " 

COMPARATIVE    TABLE    OF    WET-BULB    MEAN    TEMPERATURES. 


l89> 

1896. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

Phoenix,  A.  T 

San  Diego,  Calif 

San  Antonio,  Texas - 

San  a  Fe,  N.  M 

Denver,  Colo 

Los  Angeles,  Calif  -. 

590 
59-2 
55-2 
392 
36.6 
52.0 

49.0 

5'4 
30.4 
243 
28.2 
52.0 

41.0 
46.6 
448 
14.8 
25  2 
48.0 

440 

49-7 
4^3 
26.8 
28.0 
52  0 

44.0 
48.9 
46.4 

25-4 
29  2 
51.0 

480 

522 

531 
30.6 
29.6 
53.0 

4S.0 
50.2 
625 

33S 
385 
50.0 

17 


COMPARATIVE  TABLE  OF  MEAN  MAXIMUM  TEMPERATURES. 


1895. 

1896. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

.\pr. 

Phoenix,  A.  T 

San  Diego,  Calif 

San  Antonio,  Texas. 

Santa  Fe,  N.  H 

Denver,  Colo 

Los  Angeles,  Calif.. . 

930 
70.6 
80.0 
59-8 
80.0 
76.0 

83.0 
68.7 

675 
44.0 

75-0 
72.6 

78.0 

65.1 
65.0 

377 
69.0 
69.0 

79.0 

64.3 
636 
42.8 
67.G 
68.0 

820 
67.7 
67.6 

42-5 
68.0 
730 

92.0 
66.7 
72.1 

514 
76.0 
70.0 

89.0 

63.9 
79.0 
60.4 
80.0 
67.0 

COMPARATIVE  TABLE  OF  MEAN  MINIMUM  TEMPER  ATUR  E.S. 


1895. 

1896. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

.■Xpr. 

Phoenix,  A.  T 

San  Diego,  Calif 

San  Antonio,  Texas. 

Santa  Fe,  N.  M 

Denver,  Colo 

Los  Angeles,  Calif... 

48.0 
58.2 
57-5 
39-3 
21.0 

55-0 

340 
50.1 
48.4 
26.1 
2.0 
47.6 

23.0 
44.8 

43-7 

17.1 

50 

44.0 

30.0 
46.7 

44  5 

25.0 

0.0 

47 -o 

30.0 

47-7 
438 
23.6 
9.0 
450 

28  0 
49.6 

49-7 

296 

0.0 

47.0 

3S.0 
49.1 
61.6 

35-3 

90 

46.0 

As  to  the  dryness  of  the  atmosphere,  there  is  but  one 
opinion,  I  believe,  as  to  its  being  an  essential  feature  of  an 
ideal  climate  and  health  resort.  In  this  particular,  I  can 
assure  you,  we  excel.  This  valley  is  the  dryest  place  avail- 
able for  the  health  seeker,  if  not  the  dryest  place  in  the 
world.  The  following  table  of  relative  humidity  for  the 
seven  months  just  past  conclusively  demonstrates  this  fact. 


COMPARATIVE    TABLE    OF    MEAN    RELATIVE    HUMIDITY. 

(The  rainfall  for  Phoenix  during  these  seven  months  is  2.70.) 


1895. 

1896. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

..\pr. 

Phoenix,  A.  T 

San  Diego,  Calif 

San  Antonio,  Texas. 

Santa  Fe,  N.  M 

Denver,  Colo 

Los  Angeles,  Calif... 

53-0 
78.2 
57-2 
51.8 

534 
82.0 

68.0 
68.0 

72-3 
60.0 

44-9 
60.0 

58.0 
56.6 

56-4 
51.6 
41.4 
57-0 

540 
72.6 
66.5 
51.0 

44-5 
68.0 

45-0 
s8.o 
57-8 

4.31 

46.2 
52.0 

38.0 
71.0 
693 
34-9 
59-7 
70.0 

32.0 
67.0 

75-1 
19.4 
46.8 
670 

i8 

I  think  a  study  of  this  table  with  the  one  preceding  will 
disclose  conditions  extremely  favorable  to  the  elimination 
of  effete  material  from  the  skin,  thus  relieving  the  weak- 
ened and  overburdened  mucous  membrane,  and  internal 
organs,  and  thereby  favoring  recuperative  processes.  This 
is  especially  so  during  the  summer  months,  to  which  we 
will  refer  later. 

Our  one  weak  point  is  the  difference  between  night  and 
day  temperatures.  This  difference  is  quite  marked,  but  is 
much  more  so  measured  by  the  dry-bulb  thermometer  than 
by  the  wet-bulb.  The  extreme  dryness  of  the  atmosphere 
makes  the  lower  temperature  less  perceptible  than  in  more 
moist  climates,  though  there  the  extremes  be  considerably 
less.  Owing  to  the  dryness  of  the  air  the  mid-day  temper- 
atures do  not  seem  nearly  so  high  as  they  actually  are, 
neither  do  the  lower  temperatures  of  night  produce  the  chill 
one  would  expect,  from  looking  at  the  reading  of  the  dry- 
bulb  thermometer. 

The  actual  discomfort  from  this  wide  range  of  tempera- 
ture is  but  slight,  and  its  danger  largely  imaginary. 
Neither  danger  or  discomfort  from  this  cause  is  equal  to 
that  in  a  moist  climate  with  a  range  of  temperature  not 
more  than  one-third  as  great. 

This  difference  is  much  less,  and  indeed  exists  but  in  a 
very  small  degree,  in  the  higher  lands  of  the  foothills  and 
upper  sides  of  the  valley.  The  altitude  at  Phoenix  is  i,ioo 
feet,  and  in  the  foothills  on  the  sides  of  the  valley  it  will 
run  from  300  to  500  feet  higher. 

The  wind  movement  in  the  Salt  River  Valley  is  so  slight 
as  scarcely  to  be  a  factor.  Our  average  annual  wind  move- 
ment is  but  two  and  84-100  miles  per  hour.     A  wind  of  twen- 


19 

ty-five  miles  an  hour  is  unknown.  The  gentlest  of  zephyrs 
usually  prevail.  As  on  all  sides  there  is  but  barren  moun- 
tain and  desert,  as  nothing  grows  except  by  irrigation,  and 
as  the  water  is  under  the  perfect  control  of  man,  there  is  no 
danger  from  decomposed  vegetable  matter. 

The  atmosphere  is  so  dry  and  pure  that  animal  matter 
dries  up  instead  of  decaying.  There  being  no  marshes  or 
stagnant  pools  there  is  absolutely  nothing  but  pure,  uncon- 
taminated  air  to  breathe. 

Now  the  very  best  proof  that  what  I  have  claimed  in  the 
above  is  true,  is  the  low  death  rate  for  the  valley  for  the 
past  four  years,  as  shown  by  the  table  to  be  found  on  page 
9  of  this  book. 

Now  a  word  as  to  the  summers  in  this  valley.  Accurate 
data  I  cannot  give  you  as  to  temperature,  humidity,  etc. 
The  Weather  Bureau  station  was  only  established  at  Phoe- 
nix last  fall.  This  I  can  say  from  personal  observations 
extending  over  four  summers,  and  as  corroborated  by  the 
said  table  of  vital  statistics — that  there  is  not  a  more 
healthy  place  on  earth  than  this  same  Salt  River  Valley  in 
the  summer  time.  While  about  one-third  of  all  the  deaths 
in  the  United  States  during  the  summer  months  are  from 
bowel  troubles  among  infants,  here  such  deaths  average 
less  than  two  each  month  in  a  population  of  15,000.  Our 
death  rate  last  summer  for  the  whole  five  hot  months  was 
but  one-fourth  of  one  per  cent.,  while  the  average  for  the 
whole  country  was  about  2.2  per  cent.  Is  there  any  other 
place  that  can  make  such  a  showing? 

To  understand  our  unparalleled  healthfulness  during  the 
period  when  the  rest  of  the  world  is  suffering  from  heat 
prostration  and  allied  diseases  we  must  for  a  few  moments 


20 

turn  our  attention  to  the  study  of  the  difference  in  the 
reading  of  the  wet  and  dry-bulb  thermometer. 

The  better  to  do  this  I  will  quote  freely  from  a  recent 
article  by  Captain  William  A.  Glassford,  Signal  Corps,  U. 
S.  A.,  Denver,  Colo. : 

Every  person  who  has  resided  in  the  humid  and  in  the 
sunshine  region  knows  that  there  is  something  wrong  with 
the  indications  of  the  thermometer;  that  there  is  a  marked 
failure  to  express,  in  terms  of  degrees  of  temperature,  the 
way  in  which  recorded  temperature  affects  his  comfort  in 
the  two  regions.  If  the  traveler  from  the  East  happens  to 
be  in  Albuquerque,  Denver,  Salt  Lake  City,  Boise  City,  or 
Sacramento,  when  the  thermometer  is  at  or  near  the  ioo° 
point,  he  must  be  shown  the  instrument  to  be  satisfied  it  is 
so  high,  because  the  discomfort  that  he  is  familiar  with  as 
a  concomitant  of  such  recorded  heat  in  his  section  is  en- 
tirely absent.  Seeking  the  cause  of  this  fact  he  is  told  that 
it  is  accounted  for  by  the  absence  of  humidity.  To  most 
people  the  real  reason  is  still  more  or  less  obscure.  That 
loo  degrees  makes  the  man  hotter  in  one  place  than  in  the 
other  is  accepted  as  well  known;  but  the  amount  of  this 
difference  in  degrees  is  not  at  all  generally  apprehended. 

On  a  nearly  north  and  south  line  near  Wilmington,  N. 
C,  and  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  the  compass  bearing  is  due  north; 
while  throughout  the  arid  region  it  swings  from  io°  to  20° 
out  of  true,  due  to  magnetic  variation.  What  would  be 
thought  of  the  practical  experience  and  science  of  a  sur- 
veyor from  the  Eastern  States  who,  on  coming  to  the  arid 
region,  would  expect  to  use  a  compass  reading  without 
knowing  or  using  this  magnetic  variation?  None  the  less 
unscientific,  if  I  may  not  say  absurd,  when  considering  the 


sensible  climatic  influence  on  the  human  body,  is  the  plac- 
ing side  by  side  of  the  recorded  thermometric  observations 
of  an  arid  with  a  humid  region,  without  applying  a  correc- 
tion or  variation  factor  for  dryness  and  humidity,  as  is 
necessary  for  the  magnetic  variation  when  using  the  com- 
pass. But  we  live  in  a  scientific  age,  and  the  means  exist 
to  determine  and  familiarize  the  people  of  this  country 
with  the  exact  variation  factor  to  be  applied  to  our  records 
of  temperature  to  reduce  the  expression  of  heat  or  cold  felt 
by  human  beings  everywhere  to  a  common  standard  of  sen- 
sibility. 

A  clothed,  living  body,  having  a  great  evaporating  sur- 
face through  the  pores  of  the  skin,  is  affected  by  what  is 
known  as  the  evaporation  or  sensible  temperature;  which 
is  found  by  placing  the  thermometer  bulb  in  nearly  the 
same  environment  as  the  human  body  in  summer — that  is, 
by  clothing  or  surrounding  it  with  cotton,  dipping  into  a 
humid  source,  so  that  the  capillary  tubes  of  the  cotton 
fibers  may  carry  around  the  bulb  moisture,  as  perspiration 
is  carried  to  the  surface  of  the  body  through  the  skin.  The 
resulting  evaporation  about  the  moistened  surfaces  of  the 
human  body  and  the  thermometer  is  similar,  and  the 
greater  the  dryness  of  the  air,  the  greater  and  the  more 
rapid  is  the  evaporation  and  the  resulting  coolness.  A 
gentle  wind  carries  off  the  layers  of  air  in  contact  with  the 
body  as  they  become  more  or  less  saturated  with  moisture, 
and  they  are  replaced  by  drier  air,  thus  promoting  evapor- 
ation whereby  the  temperature  of  the  surface  is  lowered. 
Every  one  has  felt  the  sensation  caused  by  wind  blowing  on 
damp  garments  or  on  wet  skin,  and  the  cold  thus  experi- 
enced.     The   normal   skin   gives  off  a  quantity  of  water  in 


the  form  of  perspiration,  and  in  proportion  to  the  dryness 
of  the  air  this  moisture  disappears  by  evaporation.  The 
passage  of  this  moisture  into  vapor  causes  the  abstraction 
of  heat  from  the  body,  and  the  bodily  temperature  is  low- 
ered, as  may  be  readily  observed  some  little  time  after 
severe  exertion.  Light  cotton  or  linen  fabrics  allow  the 
perspiration  to  pass  through  freely,  so  that  the  evaporation 
and  cooling  process  is  unchecked. 

The  dryness  of  the  arid  region  is  most  favorable  to  these 
cooling  influences,  while  in  the  East  the  close,  humid  air, 
being  already  almost  constantly  saturated  with  moisture,  is 
unable  to  absorb  the  moisture  on  the  skin;  and  so  not  only  is 
there  an  absence  of  the  cooling  effects  of  evaporation,  but 
the  perspiration  remaining  on  the  body  helps  to  clog  the 
pores  and  thus  produces  the  well  known  and  thoroughly 
uncomfortable  suffocating  effect. 

When  the  air  is  saturated  with  moisture — a  condition 
often  present  in  the  East  during  the  heated  term — there  is 
absolutely  no  evaporation;  consequently,  in  such  cases,  the 
deduction  of  our  temperature  from  this  cause  is  zero,  and 
the  sensible  temperature  thermometer  and  the  ordinary 
thermometer  read  alike.  But  this  is  seldom  or  never  the 
case  in  the  arid  region,  on  account  of  its  dryness. 

The  variation  between  the  sensible  temperature  and  the 
reading  of  the  ordinary  thermometer  is  greatest  in  the  hot- 
test season  of  the  year,  and  during  the  hottest  part  of  the 
day,  and  that  is  precisely  the  time  when  it  is  most  needed. 

As  there  is  a  signal  service  record  of  the  readings  of 
these  two  kinds  of  thermometers  for  a  number  of  years, 
taken  at  7  a.m.,  3  p.m.,  and  11  p.m.,  I  will  take,  as  repre- 
senting the  extreme  heat  occurrence,  the  "means"  of  those 


23 

readings  for  the  month  of  July  for  a  period  of  years  for  all 
places  of  observation  in  the  United  States,  and  compare 
them  by  drawing  isotherms  showing  the  reading  of  the  sen- 
sible temperature  thermometer  and  the  ordinary  thermom- 
eter, and  contrast  them. 

Yuma,  Arizona,  which  is  but  a  few  miles  from  the  Gulf 
of  California,  and  is  influenced  by  the  moist  winds  there- 
from, is  generally  reputed  to  be  the  hottest  place  in  the 
United  States.  Fortunately,  to  controvert  this,  we  have  a 
signal  service  weather  record  for  that  point,  as  we  have 
also  of  the  cities  on  the  Mexican  gulf,  and  on  our  South 
Atlantic  shore  line.  From  these  records  it  appears  that 
the  mean  sensible  temperature,  deduced  from  the  three 
daily  observations  for  the  month  of  July  at  Yuma  is  but 
75°.  Turn  to  the  East  to  find  where  like  conditions  pre- 
vail, and  incredible  as  it  may  seem,  we  discover  that  we 
have  not  a  single  one  of  the  shore  line  cities  between  Wil- 
mington, N.  C,  and  Brownsville,  Tex.,  at  which  the  mean 
July  sensible  temperature  does  not  exceed  this  75°  at 
Yuma.  Not  only  is  this  true,  but  all  the  citrus  districts 
of  Florida,  the  sugar-cane  region  of  Louisiana,  and  the  to- 
bacco lands  of  Texas,  are  south  of  the  75°  line,  and  so  are 
sensibly  warmer  than  Yuma,  Arizona. 

Yuma,  as  before  stated,  is  affected  by  the  moist  winds 
blowing  from  the  Gulf  of  California;  therefore  its  sensible 
temperature  is  not  as  low  as  many  of  the  valleys  (which  are 
susceptible  of  reclamation  by  irrigation)  in  the  midst  of  the 
so-called  deserts  of  California  and  Arizona. 

As  this  is  one  of  the  startling  facts  brought  out  by  the 
investigation  of  the  data  upon  which  this  paper  is  based, 
permit  me  to  repeat  it.     The  coast  of  South  Carolina  and 


24 

Georgia,  all  of  Florida,  the  seaboard  of  Alabama  and  Mis- 
sissippi, nearly  the  whole  of  Louisiana,  and  the  southeast 
part  (one-third)  of  Texas,  is  not  so  well  favored  in  July  as 
Yuma,  Arizona,  which  is  the  most  humid  place,  hence  the 
most  uncomfortable  perhaps  in  the  arid  season. 

North  of  the  line  of  the  Yuma  or  75°  July  mean  sensible 
temperature,  of  which  the  sections  last  noted  are  to  the 
south,  lies  the  belt  of  sensible  temperature  between  75° 
and  70°.  The  upper  edge  of  this  zone  or  the  line  of  70° 
for  July,  may  be  located  by  commencing  at  Chesapeake 
Bay,  near  Washington  City,  following  the  eastern  foothills 
of  the  Alleghany  range,  turning  north  at  Chattanooga,  in- 
cluding West  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  extreme  Southern 
Indiana  and  Illinois,  Southeast  Missouri,  including  the  city 
of  St.  Louis,  following  closely  the  north  and  northwest 
boundaries  of  the  Indian  Territory  and  Texas,  also  South- 
west Arizona,  and  Southeast  California. 

Having  discussed  the  mean  sensible  temperature  of  the 
warmest  month,  a  glance  at  what  is  shown  for  the  warmest 
part  of  the  day  in  the  hottest  month  may  serve  to  further 
accentuate  the  comparative  comfortableness  of  the  arid 
region.  Yuma,  Arizona,  has  a  mean  sensible  July  temper- 
ature at  3  p.m.  of  78°;  Charleston,  S.  C,  Titusville,  Flor., 
Galveston,  and  Brownsville,  Tex.,  have  the  same;  Key 
West  is  1°  degree  hotter.  Phoenix,  Arizona,  farther  from 
the  influence  of  the  moist  atmosphere  of  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, is  4°  cooler  than  Yuma  in  the  hottest  part  of  the 
day. 

It  may  be  said  that  the  average  of  11°,  the  observation 
including  those  at  7  in  the  morning  and  11  at  night,  for  the 
month  of  July,  represents  only  general  conditions  and  not 


25 

special  instances;  but  here,  also,  to  controvert  this  assump- 
tion, I  have  authoritative  signal  service  data.  As  it  is  de- 
sired to  show  only  the  side  of  the  case  least  favorable  to 
arid  America,  leaving  the  genial  dry  air  and  sunshine  of 
winter  in  the  arid  regions  uncontrasted  with  the  cold  waves, 
slush,  and  humid  somberness  of  the  Eastern  winters,  only 
midsummer  extremes  will  be  stated. 

As  Yuma  is  a  regular  signal  service  station,  where  com- 
plete records  have  been  kept  for  twenty  years,  let  us  see 
what  are  the  extremes  there.  The  greatest  shade  temper- 
ature recorded  is  ii8°,  but,  as  this  was  registered  by  a  self- 
recording  thermometer,  the  evaporation  temperature  at  the 
same  time  is  not  given.  However,  at  another  time,  when 
ii6°  was  recorded,  the  wet-bulb  thermometer  was  at  70°. 
It  is  well  known  that  this  dry  heat  produces  no  injurious 
effects,  sunstrokes  being  unknown. 

It  follows  from  these  recorded  facts  that  in  the  hottest 
parts  of  the  arid  region  the  midsummer  weather  is  not  only 
endurable,  but  even  enjoyable  and  refreshing.  Those  are 
the  facts  as  they  exist  now,  when  the  present  conditions — 
the  bare  soil,  etc., — are  especially  conducive  to  high  temper- 
ature. But  it  may  be  readily  conceived  that  there  will  take 
place  salubrious  modifications,  as  some  of  us  have  already 
realized,  when  these  desert  places  are  covered  with  the 
green  carpet  of  alfalfa  and  the  verdure  of  trees;  when  the 
wasting  waters  are  stored  and  diverted  by  the  irrigator  to 
the  surface  of  a  soil  only  waiting  for  water  to  produce 
bountifully,  not  only  the  fruits  of  the  earth  in  due  season, 
but  almost  to  produce  the  seasons  themselves  at  will." 

That  the  difference  between  the  reading  of  the  wet  and 
dry-bulb  thermometers  in  the  dry,  hot  atmosphere  of  the 


26 

Salt  River  Valley  is  much  greater  than  is  actually  experi- 
enced by  the  human  body  I  must  admit,  but  it  is  equally 
true  that  the  higher  the  reading  of  the  dry-bulb  goes,  the 
greater  is  the  perspiration,  and  the  more  nearly  do  the  con- 
ditions of  the  body  conform  to  that  of  the  wet-bulb,  and 
more  nearly  are  the  actual  heat  conditions  experienced  by  a 
person  registered  by  this  wet-bulb. 

The  actual  heat  experienced  in  this  climate  by  the  hu- 
man body  varies  from  5  to  20  degrees  lower  than  the 
reading  of  the  dry-bulb  thermometer,  and  is  influenced  by 
the  percentage  of  humidity,  by  the  degree  of  heat,  and  the 
amount  and  kind  of  clothing  worn. 

If  the  human  body  could  be  kept  in  the  same  condition 
of  moisture  as  is  the  wet-bulb,  and  in  the  same  strong  cur- 
rent of  air,  the  reading  of  the  wet-bulb  would  accurately 
register  our  sensation  of  heat. 

If  a  person  should  remove  all  clothing,  wrap  himself  in 
a  wet  sheet  and  stand  out  in  the  sunshine  with  a  stiff  wind 
blowing,  those  conditions  would  approximate  the  condi- 
tions of  the  wet-bulb.  As  this  is  not  the  conventional  or 
convenient  mode  of  dress,  it  is  not  practicable,  and  these 
conditions  are  never  fully  realized.  They  are  more  nearly 
attained  by  the  laboring  man  in  the  fields,  who  is  in  a  con- 
stant copious  perspiration. 

Judging  from  pretty  careful  observation  I  apprehend 
that  under  average  conditions,  if  you  will  divide  the  differ- 
ence in  the  reading  between  the  wet  and  dry-bulb  by  two, 
and  add  this  to  the  reading  of  the  wet-bulb,  you  will  arrive 
at  the  correct  decree  of  heat  experienced  by  the  human 
body  in  the  Salt  River  Valley. 

Our  summers  are  hot.     The  sunshine  is  continuous  dur- 


27 


ing  the  day.  The  nights  are  cool,  comfortable,  balmy, 
almost  seductive.  If  a  perfect  night  is  ever  experienced 
it  is  here  during  the  summer.  The  heat  is  stimulating, 
healthful,  and  not  the  least  depressing.  Perspiration  is 
copious  and  evaporation  instant.  One  feels  well  and  soon 
gets  to  long  for  the  summer  time,  when  people  live  out  of 
doors  both  day  and  night.  That  lassitude  which  one  feels 
during  the  dog  days  in  moister  climes  is  entirely  absent. 

This  is  the  season  when  the  invalid  makes  his  greatest 
improvement,  when  he  sleeps  with  only  the  sky  for  a  cover- 
ing, and  contentedly  swings  in  his  hammock  during  the  day, 
filling  up  at  his  pleasure  on  luscious  fruit  in  great  variety. 

I  can  give  you  data  for  the  month  of  I\Iay  just  passed, 
which  I  think  will  surprise  you.  As  you  all  know  this  month 
gave  us  everywhere  a  taste  of  what  hot  weather  is.  The  fol- 
lowing table  will  give  you  a  slight  idea  of  what  summers  are 
like  in  the  Salt  River  Valley  when  nature  surpasses  herself. 

TABLE  OF  ACTUAL  AND  SENSIBLE  TEMPERATURES  FOR  THE  MONTH 
OF  MAY,  1896,  WITH  THE  PERCENTAGE  OF  RELATIVE  HUMIDITY 
FOR     EACH    DAY    EXCEPT    SUNDAY. 

(Observations  taken  at  8:00  p.m.  by  U.  S.  W.  B.,  Voluntary.) 

Percent. 
Relative 
Humid- 
ity. 


Date. 

Actual 
Dry- 
Bulb. 

Sensible 
Wet- 
Bulb. 

Per  Cent- 
Relative 
Humid- 
ity. 

May    I  -  - 

^'• 

55- 

11 

"        2-. 

"      3 

"      4- 

85-5 

57-7 

^3 

85.'5 

575 

13 

"      5-^ 

85.2 

59- 

17 

"      6- 

7SA 

514 

13 

"      7 

72.5 

SI- 

18 

"      8. 

7.3-5 

52. 

19 

"      9-- 

81. 

56. 

31 

"    10-- 





"    11- . 

83. 

54- 

9 

"      12. 

83.5 

56. 

9 

"      13-- 

856 

56. 

n 

"      14- 

872 

54-5 

7 

"    I.S-- 

8.S. 

55-5 

10 

"    16.. 

83. 

54- 

9 

Date. 


May  17- 

iS. 

19- 
20- 
21. 
22. 
23- 
24- 
25- 
26. 
27. 
28- 
29- 
30- 
31- 


Actual 

Sensible 

Dry- 

Wet- 

Bulb. 

Bulb. 

89.2 

59- 

84.2 

55- 

87. 

57- 

86.8 

58. 

89. 

.S9-5 

85-9 

61.6 

104. 

67." 

100.  s 

68. 

108.8 

69. 

108.5 

69. 

y8. 

66. 

873 

59-4 

— 

._. 

14 
13 

22 

12 
10 
I  I 
10 
16 
15 


28 

This  is  a  rapidly  growing  community  of  industrious,  in- 
telligent, law-abiding  people,  where  the  stranger  is  welcome 
and  is  soon  made  to  feel  at  home. 

The  conditions  of  climate  and  soil  are  such  that  any- 
thing that  will  grow  in  any  other  part  of  this  country  can 
be  grown  in  the  Salt  River  Valley  just  as  readily  and  in 
the  majority  of  instances  to  much  better  advantage  than 
elsewhere.  Lands  are  cheap  and  easily  attained  and  any- 
one who  so  desires  can  find  profitable  employment. 

That  you  may  the  more  readily  concede  to  Phoenix  and 
vicinity  its  proper  place,  at  the  head  of  the  list,  as  a  city 
which  leads  all  others  in  natural  sanitary  conditions  and 
healthfulness,  I  will  here  reproduce  some  vital  statistics 
taken  from  the  May  number  of  The  Sanita7-ian,  comprising 
the  annual  death  rate  per  one  thousand  inhabitants  for  1895 
in  the  following  cities: 

Compare  the  death  rate  of  Phoenix,  Arizona,  5.04,  with  that  of — 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 7.37  Minneapolis,  Minn 8.96 

St.  Paul,  Minn 9.86  Buffalo,  N.  Y 11.12 

Denver,  Colo 10.37  Kansas  City,  Mo. 13.28 

Concord,  N.  11 H-^S  Milwaukee,  Wis 14-37 

Los  Angeles,  Calif 1584  Tampa,  Fla 20.59 

Portland,  Maine 24.75  Mobile,  Ala 29.44 

St.  Louis,  Mo 17-07 

These  few  will  serve  to  make  my  point;  the  other  prin- 
cipal cities  of  the  United  States,  with  their  more  or  less 
perfect  sanitary  conditions,  range  between  Kansas  City, 
Mo.,  with  her  13.28,  and  Mobile,  Alabama,  at  29.44. 

As  to  diseases  and  their  curability  or  alleviation  by  the 
climatic  conditions  and  surroundings  of  the  Salt  River  Val- 
ley, I  have  tried  to  be  sufficiently  explicit,  and  will  leave  you 
to  draw  your  own  conclusions  and  make  your  own  deductions. 


29 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture — Weather  Bureau. 

WEATHER    DATA    AT    PHOENIX,  ARIZONA,   1896. 

(Observations  taken  at  S  a.m.  and  8  p.m.  75th  M.  time.    Corresponds  to  5:32  A.M. 
and  5:32  P.M.  local  time.) 


>^ 

>. 

1.1 

XI 

a 

5 

a 
< 

0 
S 

0 

c 
3 

3 

P 
< 

B 

v 
Q, 

in 

0 
0 

0 

S 

> 
0 

S 

V 

0 

Q 

Mean     fDry-  (  a.m. 
tern-   J  bulb  /  p.m. 

43 

44 

51 

51 

61 

73 

77 

77 

72 

60 

"48 

44 

63 

67 

73 

76 

87 

102 

97 

98 

92 

78 

67 

63 

pera-   j  Wet-  i  a.m. 
ture      I  bulb  (  p.m. 

39 

39 

44 

43 

49 

58 

69 

69 

63 

54 

43 

39 

50 

49 

52 

52 

5S 

67 

72 

73 

69 

61 

54 

49 

„   ^              1  Highest 
Extremes  J  Lowest 

79 

82 

92 

89 

no 

"5 

109 

108 

104 

98 

83 

75 

30 

28 

34 

3S 

45 

61 

69 

69 

55 

47 

32 

33 

♦Relative          (  a.m. 
humidity  ._  (  p.m. 

69 

65 

56 

50 

41 

40 

68 

65 

60 

70 

67 

65 

40 

25 

21 

15 

14 

13 

30 

33 

33 

41 

42 

35 

Percentage  of  sun- 

shine   

77 
.46 

87 
•05 

75 
•39 

91 
•05 

89 
T 

98 
T 

73 
4^25 

85 

82 

81 

81 

79 

Total  rainfall 

1-77 

1. 18 

1.02 

.64 

.67 

The  normal  tem-^ 
perature  as  de- 

termined   from   > 
13  years'  obser-  | 

49 

54 

61 

67 

75 

83 

90 

88 

81 

69 

58 

53 

vation   J 

The  average  rain-" 

fal  1  as  deter- 

mined  from   16  y 

•57 

.89 

.68 

•30 

.16 

.07 

•85 

•97 

•54 

.62 

•44 

1. 12 

years'  observa- 
tions   

*  Percentage.  W.  T.  Blythe, 

Observer  and  Sec.  Director  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau. 


w 

Oi 
O 

< 

< 
Q 

J    . 

<    g; 


> 

H 

< 

< 

o 
u 

I 

1—1 

X 

w 
-1 

m 

<J 

H 


00 

•sspSuv  SOI 

1       M           1          '"^ 

•039IQ  UBS 

CO  -i-  ON    1  S^   j  „g     00  ^ 

•xiuaoqj 

O  30    rO  fOccg     !  u:g         U-!  t^      ■ 

1 

•sap^uv  so^ 

«   -  >0     1  So^^    1         On  ^^ 
1    IT)  M       1 

•oSaiQ  UBS 

Th  N   M     1  2&®£    1         On  " 

•xiuaoiij 

;^2 -*■?.:;!   s^    ^:?: 

si 

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rt 
3 
C 

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ro  ro  LO     1  Spt-g    1         OnO) 

„    w              1  '^l-o'S     1                NO 

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•oSaiQ  UBS 

t^  !>.  t>.    1  "^Do    1         On  1-1 
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ro  m    1 

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s 

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o 

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^^  ^  sEsE      "'^ 

•033IQ  UBS 

ro  ro  Tj-    1  -ogol?    1        u-,vO 

M                      1  H°"S     '                   '^ 

•xiuaoqj 

00    ONMl^'-'gog     1           M    ^ 

Number  of  days  clear 

"         «'       "       part  cloudy 

"         "      "      cloudy 

Percentage  of  sunshine  during  month  ._. 

Inches  of  rainfall  during  month 

Excess  of  precipitation  above  normal 

Deficiency  of  precipitation  below  normal- 
Number  of  rainy  days  in  which  y^-g  of  an 
inch  or  over,  fell 

-> 

THE    INFLUENCE    OF    IRRIGATION    ON    CLI- 
MATE AND  HEALTH. 

An  article  by  \Ym.    Lawrence  Woodruff,  M.D.,  Phoenix,  Arizona, 
published  in  The  Irrigation  Age,  for  August,  1S96. 

The  conclusive  discussion  of  this  subject  implies  a  study 
of  the  physical  conditions  of  the  given  locality — a  compar- 
ison of  meteorological  data  for  a  considerable  period  while 
arid  conditions  prevailed,  with  similar  data  after  the  same 
territory  has  been  brought  under  irrigation — consideration 
of  the  percentage  of  humidity  most  conducive  to  health, 
with  the  prevailing  temperatures,  altitude,  and  wind  move- 
ments, and  the  determination  of  actual  and  ascertained 
general  effects,  as  shown  by  freedom  from  disease  in  the 
community  and  by  vital  statistics.  Each  of  these  elements  of 
the  problem  must  be  studied  in  its  relation  to  all  the  others. 
The  inquiry  is  inherently  difficult  and  complex  under  the 
most  favorable  conditions. 

Captain  William  A.  Glassford,  Signal  Corps,  U.  S.  A., 
of  Denver,  Colo.,  a  high  authority  in  such  matters,  says  in  a 
recent  article:  "In  the  hottest  parts  of  this  arid  region  the 
midsummer  weather  is  not  only  endurable,  but  even  enjoy- 
able and  refreshing.  These  are  the  facts  as  they  e.xist  now, 
when  the  present  conditions  —  the  bare  soil,  etc. —  are 
especially  conducive  to  high  temperature.  But  it  may  be 
readily  conceived  that  there  will  take  place  salubrious  mod- 

31 


32 

ifications,  as  some  of  us  have  already  realized,  when  these 
desert  places  are  covered  with  a  green  carpet  of  alfalfa  and 
the  verdure  of  trees;  when  the  wasting  waters  are  stored 
and  diverted  by  the  irrigator  to  the  surface  of  a  soil  only 
waiting  for  water  to  produce  bountifully,  not  only  the  fruits 
of  the  earth  in  due  season,  but  almost  to  produce  the  sea- 
sons themselves  at  will." 

In  the  nature  of  the  case  we  could  not  expect  any  defi- 
nite scientific  data  for  this  vicinity  prior  to  the  practice  of 
irrigation.  The  precipitation  is  about  seven  inches  per 
annum.  Without  it  settlement  and  residence  are  impractic- 
able in  a  locality  in  which  agriculture  must  depend  for 
moisture  solely  upon  irrigation.  In  the  Salt  River  Valley, 
settlement  and  irrigation  came  hand  in  hand. 

The  Salt  River  Valley,  with  Phoenix  as  its  center,  is 
situated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  33d  parallel  of  north  latitude. 

The  surrounding  physical  and  climatic  conditions  are 
totally  different  from  those  of  any  other  locality  under  irri- 
gation, and  must  be  understood  in  order  to  arrive  at  right 
conclusions. 

It  has  an  elevation  ranging  from  1,000  to  1,500  feet 
above  sea  level. 

High  mountain  ranges  surround  it  on  all  sides,  save  on 
the  southwest,  where  it  verges  into  the  larger  Gila  Valley. 

The  Gila  Valley,  under  similar  conditions,  extends  to 
the  Gulf  of  California,  which  in  turn  extends  with  its 
53,000  square  miles  of  surface  well  into  the  tropical  zone. 

This  great  inland  sea,  with  its  mouth  250  miles  wide, 
flanked  on  either  side  with  continuous  mountain  chains, 
acts  as  a  funnel  into  which  the  tropical  waters  and  winds, 
sweeping  from  the  equator  up  the  Mexican  coast,  enter. 


33 

These  surroundings  and  winds  are  largely  the  influences 
which  go  to  produce  our  peculiar  and  phenomenal  climatic 
conditions. 

It  is  universally  conceded  that  an  atmosphere  carrying 
too  much  moisture  is  unfavorable  to  perfect  health.  It 
may  not  be  so  well  known,  but  is  equally  certain  that  the 
air  may  be  too  dry.  A  couple  of  my  patients  had  this  ex- 
perience. During  a  long  drive  upon  the  desert,  on  an 
exceedingly  hot  day,  the  air  became  extremely  dry  and 
fairly  burned.  Their  throats  became  parched  and  perspi- 
ration ceased.  No  amount  of  water  taken  internally  seemed 
to  relieve  this  condition,  which  was  speedily  followed  by  a 
languor  and  then  stupor,  bordering  on  coma.  This  thor- 
oughly alarmed  the  wiser  of  them,  and  sensibly,  during  the 
remainder  of  the  day  they  took  turns,  fifteen  minutes  in 
duration,  one  driving  while  the  other  gratified  the  irresisti- 
ble desire  to  sleep,  and  in  this  way  they  reached  irrigated 
ground  in  safety.  The  same  phenomena  have  been  ob- 
served in  numerous  other  cases.  I  am  satisfied  this  ex- 
plains many  cases  of  death  upon  the  desert  which  have  here- 
tofore been  attributed  to  lack  of  water.  During  the  sum- 
mer time,  in  this  locality,  elimination  by  the  kidneys  is  re- 
duced one-half.  Perspiration  is  immensely  increased  and 
the  skin  becomes  the  chief  eliminating  organ  of  the  system. 
When  the  percentage  of  humidity  in  the  air  gets  below  a 
certain  point,  the  evaporation  from  the  surface  of  the  body 
becomes  too  instant,  the  surface  burns,  perspiration  and 
elimination  of  effete  material  cease,  thus  producing  the 
phenomena  above  described.  I  attribute  these  effects  en- 
tirely to  a  lack  of  sufficient  moisture  in  the  atmosphere. 

I  am  not  prepared,  as  yet,  at  least,  to  fix  definitely  the 


34 

point  at  which  the  percentage  of  moisture  in  the  air  is 
neither  too  great  nor  too  little.  Investigation  may,  and 
probably  will,  show  that  the  most  favorable  degree  of 
saturation  would  vary  according  to  individual  characteris- 
tics. It  is  probable  there  is  a  range  of  lo  or  12  degrees 
within  which  it  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  say  that  any 
given  point  would  be  more  favorable  to  general  health  than 
another.  It  may  be  safely  said  that  in  the  temperature  of 
the  Salt  River  Valley,  during  the  summer,  a  humidity  below 
8  per  cent,  is  disadvantageous,  while  that  above  20  per 
cent,  begins  to  become  oppressive. 

Both  actual  and  sensible  temperature,  as  shown  respec- 
tively by  the  readings  of  dry  and  wet-bulb  thermometers, 
must  always  be  considered  in  connection  with  the  humidity. 
In  every  climate  there  are  seasons  when  the  percentage  of 
humidity  is  excessive,  and  results  generally  in  a  feeling  of 
depression.  In  the  Salt  River  Valley  these  periods  are 
usually  limited  to  say  a  week  in  February,  and  a  week  in 
August,  very  much  less  in  duration  than  in  any  other  local- 
ity within  my  observation.  There  is  very  little  wind  here. 
The  mean  average  hourly  movement  at  Phoenix  for  a  period 
of  years  is  stated  by  the  United  States  Signal  Service  at  two 
and  37-100  miles.  It  would  be  interesting  to  compare  the 
humidity  of  the  higher  lands  of  the  valley  near  the  foothills 
with  that  in  the  lower  valley,  but  no  data  exist  for  such 
statement.  We  know  that  it  is  10  to  15  degrees  warmer  in 
winter  and  cooler  in  summer,  for  instance,  on  the  lands 
under  the  Rio  Verde  Canal  on  the  north  side  and  the  High- 
land Canal  on  the  south  side  of  the  Salt  River  than  near 
the  river  at  Phoenix.  The  extremes  of  temperature  be- 
tween day  and  night  are  much  less  on  the  higher  lands  than 


35 

in  the  lower  valley,  and  the  danger  of  taking  cold  is  propor- 
tionately reduced. 

It  is  probable  that  the  effects  of  irrigation  on  climate 
and  health  under  the  high  temperature  and  low  relative 
humidity  of  this  valley  are  somewhat  different  from  those 
in  regions  of  lower  temperature,  greater  humidity,  and 
either  higher  or  lower  altitude. 

It  is  almost  impossible,  without  accurate  observations, 
to  make  comparisons,  or  to  arrive  at  safe,  definite  conclu- 
sions as  to  the  influence  of  irrigation  on  climate,  either  in  a 
general  way  or  in  a  given  locality.  I  have  been  unable  to 
procure  any  data  whatever  as  related  to  this  valley,  or  to 
any  similar  locality,  showing  the  relative  humidity  before 
and  after  irrigation.  Without  such  facts  I  can  only  state 
conclusions  arrived  at  from  personal  observation  and  study 
of  its  effects  on  this  locality. 

I  am  decidedly  of  the  opinion  that  upon  the  deserts  of 
Arizona,  without  irrigation,  the  moisture  in  the  atmosphere 
is  sometimes  so  little  as  to  interfere  with  health  and  com- 
fort, and  produce  feverish  conditions.  The  evaporation  of 
water  from  the  irrigated  land  supplies  this  deficiency  to  the 
air  and  obviates  the  injurious  tendencies. 

I  have  frequently  had  this  experience.  The  "wetting 
down"  of  my  well-shaded  porch  on  a  hot  summer  day 
lowers  the  temperature,  as  shown  by  the  thermometer  hang- 
ing upon  the  wall,  lo  to  15  degrees.  This  result  from  the 
refrigeration  of  the  air  in  the  process  of  evaporation  of  the 
water. 

It  is  well  known  that  a  well-shaded  dwelling  in  the  midst 
of  an  alfalfa  field  is  much  cooler  than  the  same  residence 
surrounded  by  bare  ground.      This  is  due  in  part,  perhaps. 


36 

to  the  absence  of  reflection  from  the  earth,  but  chiefly,  I 
think,  to  a  similar  slight  refrigeration  of  the  air  by  the 
evaporation  of  the  moisture  in  the  earth  and  vegetation  of 
the  surrounding  field.  The  effect  becomes  still  more  marked 
when  a  gentle  breeze  is  blowing. 

At  Phoenix,  during  the  summer  months,  the  air  is  so  dry 
that  the  mid-day  registration  of  relative  humidity  ranges 
from  6  to  15  per  cent.  It  rarely  goes  above  the  latter 
point,  and  if  it  were  not  for  irrigation  it  would  drop  still 
lower,  which  is  not  desirable. 

My  conclusion  is  that  the  evaporation  of  moisture  from 
irrigated  surfaces  slightly  increases  the  moisture  in  the  air 
and  promotes  the  healthfulness  of  both  animal  and  plant 
life. 

That  the  evaporation  from  irrigation  has  but  slight  influ- 
ence in  increasing  the  dampness  in  the  surrounding  air  will 
be  readily  understood  when  we  recall  the  following  facts: 
That  moist  air  is  lighter  in  weight  than  is  dry  air.  That 
moisture  is  evaporated  as  an  invisible  gas.  That  being 
lighter  and  a  gas,  it  is  not  a  disturbing  atmospheric  ele- 
ment. That  it  instantly  rises  with  great  velocity  to  a 
point  in  the  atmosphere  where  the  temperature  is  below  its 
own  dew  point,  where  it  becomes  visible  in  the  form  of 
clouds.  But  a  very  small  portion  of  the  evaporated  mois- 
ture is  retained  in  the  lower  and  warmer  strata  of  air.  The 
hotter  the  air  the  greater  is  the  evaporation  from  the  irri- 
gated ground.  This  evaporation  lowers  the  earth's  temper- 
ature and  also  that  of  the  surrounding  air. 

During  the  winter  months,  the  temperature  ranges  much 
lower,  evaporation  is  much  less,  and  the  air  is  constantly 
so  dry  that  the  slight  influence  it  exerts  is  scarcely  notice- 


37 

able.  During  the  last  winter  the  mean  relative  humidity 
was  as  follows:  1895,  Oct.  53  per  cent.,  Nov.  68  per  cent., 
Dec.  58  per  cent.;  1896,  Jan.  54  per  cent.,  Feb.  45  per 
cent.,  Mar.  38  per  cent.,  Apr.  32  per  cent,  with  a  rainfall 
during  these  same  months  of  but  2.70  inches. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  best  qualities  of  citrus  fruits 
can  only  be  grown  where  there  is  sometimes  danger  from 
frost.  This  danger  in  the  citrus  localities  of  the  Salt  River 
Valley  only  exists  for  say  an  hour  at  a  time,  and  that 
about  sunrise  of  a  frosty  morning.  The  horticulturist  is 
able  by  flooding  his  irrigation  ditches  with  water  at  this 
time  to  obviate,  or  lessen,  the  danger  to  his  fruit.  The 
water  in  the  ditches  will  freeze  before  the  fruit  or  the  trees, 
and  thus  the  temperature  of  the  surrounding  air  is  raised. 
This  phenomenon  exists  all  over  the  district  under  irriga- 
tion, to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  and  the  extremes  of  day 
and  night  temperatures  are  thus  modified. 

As  to  the  influence  of  irrigation  on  the  healthfulness  of 
the  inhabitants  of  an  irrigated  district  I  can  be  more  posi- 
tive. It  is  demonstrated  by  actual  experience  to  be  advan- 
tageous. Phoenix  and  the  Salt  River  Valley  is  the  healthi- 
est place  in  the  United  States.  Next  to  it  comes  Salt  Lake 
City,  Utah,  also  in  an  irrigated  district. 

That  part  of  the  Salt  River  Valley  north  of  the  Salt 
River,  west  of  the  Verde,  and  east  of  the  Agua  Fria,  cover- 
ing a  territory  of  250  square  miles  and  including  the  city  of 
Phoenix,  of  which  the  population  on  a  conservative  basis 
for  1895,  is  placed  at  15,000,  had  for  the  year  named  an 
annual  death  rate  of  5.04  per  one  thousand  inhabitants. 
Salt  Lake  City  during  the  corresponding  year  had  a  death 
rate  of  7.37.     Our  death  rate  for  the  five  summer  months 


38 

last  year  was  but  one-quarter  of  one  per  cent,  of  popula- 
tion, or  2.54  for  one  thousand  inhabitants  in  the  above 
named  territory.  With  this  showing,  no  one  for  an  instant 
can  imagine  that  in  the  least  does  irrigation  militate 
against  health. 

On  the  other  hand,  I  believe  that  irrigation  is  a  major 
factor  in  increasing  the  healthfulness  of  a  community.  It  is 
probable  that  on  account  of  our  favorable  climatic  condi- 
tions this  is  more  emphatically  true  of  the  Salt  River  Valley 
than  any  other  locality.  I  refer  this  fact  chiefly  to  three 
causes. 

Under  an  irrigation  system,  properly  operated,  there 
are  no  water  holes,  or  sloughs  in  which  vegetation  grows 
only  to  decompose  and  pollute  the  air.  There  are  no  pools 
of  stagnant  water  to  create  miasms.  The  water  supply  is 
under  man's  control,  both  as  to  volume  and  times  of  distri- 
bution. Vegetation  is  rank  and  prolific,  but  grows  only 
where  it  is  desired,  and  is  limited  to  valuable  products. 
Useless  vegetation  is  discouraged,  but  should  it  by  chance 
exist,  it  rather  dries  up  than  rots. 

This  low  death  rate  is  further  explained  by  the  constant 
living  in  the  open  air,  which  we  enjoy  to  its  utmost  limit. 

Irrigation,  by  promoting  the  rapid  and  phenomenal 
growth  of  trees  and  the  verdant  grass  which  carpets  our 
lawns,  makes  a  continuous  existence  out  of  doors  possible 
and  enjoyable  for  three-quarters  of  the  year. 

We  live  nature's  life  as  nature  intended  we  should  live 
it,  and  have  our  reward  of  unparalleled  healthfulness. 

I  do  not  believe  there  is  any  other  place  on  earth  where 
children  are  so  universally  healthy.  This  is  especially  true 
of  the  summer  season.     They  are  marvelously  free  from 


39 

"summer  complaint,"  and  kindred  ailments.  I  never  saw 
any  place  where  the  children  thrive  as  they  do  in  the  Salt 
River  Valley. 

To  quote  Captain  Glassford  again,  he  says  in  the  same 
article:  "This  greater  portion  of  arid  America,  elevated 
high  above  the  humid  levels  of  the  East,  covered  with 
aspects  most  sublime  of  the  earth,  fed  with  the  most  invig- 
orating constituents  of  the  atmosphere,  will  yet  be  appre- 
ciated; and  these  elements,  under  the  influence  of  modern 
civilization,  will  produce  the  hardiest  and  grandest  race  of 
men  and  women  who  have  yet  trod  the  planet.  They  will 
create  a  western  empire  and  become  masters  of  the  conti- 
nent, if  not  of  the  world." 


SOME  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE 
ARID  REGION. 

Extracts  from  a  paper  by  Willis  L.  Moore,  Chief  of  United  States 
Weather  Bureau,  communicated  to  Fifth  National  Irrigation 
Congress  at  Phoenix,  December  15,  1896,  and  published  by  the 
Weather  Bureau.  An  excellent  aid  to  an  appreciation  of  the 
bearing  of  the  facts  shown  by  the  accompanying  tables  and 
charts. 

"Under  the  direction  of  the  Honorable  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture it  was  my  pleasure,  on  September  20,  1895,  a  few 
weeks  after  coming  to  the  head  of  the  Weather  Bureau,  to 
issue  instructions  to  the  observers  of  the  weather  service 
to  begin  the  telegraphing  from  observation  stations  of  the 
readings  of  the  wet-bulb  thermometer,  more  popularly 
known  as  the  "sensible"  temperature.  This  is  about  the 
temperature  felt  by  animal  life  and  may  be  many  degrees 
below  the  air  temperature,  the  difference  between  the  two 
temperatures  depending  upon  the  relative  humidity  of  the 
air — the  drier  the  atmosphere  the  lower  the  sensible  tem- 
perature when  compared  with  the  air  temperature;  the 
damper  the  air  the  higher  the  sensible  temperature.  This 
will  be  better  understood  when  it  is  stated  that  in  case  the 
air  be  saturated,  the  readings  of  the  dry  and  the  wet-bulb 
thermometers  will  be  the  same  and  the  sensible  temperature 
and  the  air  temperature  will  be  equal.  In  the  semi-arid 
regions  of  the  West  the  sensible  temperature  during  the 
summer  months  often  is  20°  to  30°  less  than  the  air  tem- 

41 


43 

perature,  which  condition  is  due  to  the  extreme  dryness  of 
the  atmosphere.  In  the  more  humid  regions  of  the  eastern 
part  of  the  country  such  extreme  differences  can  not  occur. 

Within  the  broad  confines  of  the  United  States  there  are 
many,  but  not  all,  shades  and  varieties  of  climate.  One  of 
the  questions  most  frequently  asked  the  Weather  Bureau  is, 
"Where  shall  I  find  a  climate  possessing  both  dryness  and 
equability  of  temperature?"  To  this  interrogatory  reply 
must  be  made  that  the  ideal  climate  as  regards  equability 
of  temperature  and  absence  of  moisture  does  not  exist  in 
the  United  States,  but  that  the  nearest  approach  to  it  will 
be  found  in  the  great  Southwest,  where  all  shades  of  dry- 
ness, from  a  rainfall  sufficient  for  successful  agriculture,  to 
the  aridity  of  the  desert  may  be  found. 

The  temperature  of  the  Southwest  is  not  equable  in  the 
sense  of  having  an  extremely  small  daily  range,  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  it  possesses  the  quality  of  uniformity  in  a 
greater  degree  than  will  generally  be  found  elsewhere,  ex- 
cept on  the  seacoast.  The  most  equable  temperature  on 
the  globe  will  be  found  on  the  high  table-lands  and  plateaus 
of  the  Tropics.  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota,  in  the  United  States 
of  Colombia,  has  an  average  temperature  of  about  59°  for 
all  months  of  the  year,  and  the  range  for  the  entire  year  is 
less  than  is  often  experienced  in  a  single  day  in  these  lati- 
tudes. 

But  while  the  ideal  temperature  may  be  found  on  the 
higher  elevations  of  the  Tropics,  the  rainfall  is  much 
greater  and  more  continuous  than  in  this  country. 

The  rainfall  of  the  great  Southwest  varies  with  location. 
Less  than  200  miles  from  the  Colorado  Desert,  where  the 
rainfall  is  practically  nil,  places  may  be  found  whose  annual 


43 

average  rainfall  is  as  great  or  greater  than  any  point  in  the 
Middle  States  of  the  East.  Generally  speaking,  however, 
the  greater  portion  is  dry,  using  that  term  as  indicating  a 
rainfall  considerably  less  than  20  inches  per  annum  on  the 
average. 

The  mountainous  portions  of  Arizona  and  California 
have  an  average  annual  rainfall  ranging  between  20  and  50 
inches,  depending  somewhat  upon  the  elevation  and  geo- 
graphic position,  while  the  lowland  portions  and  the  pla- 
teaus, especially  east  of  the  Sierras,  have  a  rainfall  both 
small  in  amount  and  variable  in  character.  The  rainfall 
records  of  the  arid  region,  and  other  portions  of  the  United 
States,  are  published  in  the  monthly  bulletins  of  the  various 
climate  and  crop  centers,  and  in  more  convenient  form  in 
the  annual  data  volumes  of  the  Weather  Bureau.  It  is  not 
possible  to  report  upon  them  in  detail  here. 

The  temperature  of  a  place  depends  chiefly  on  three 
conditions,  viz.,  latitude,  elevation,  and  contiguity  to  large 
bodies  of  water.  At  sea  level  in  the  Tropics  extreme  con- 
ditions of  heat  and  moisture,  so  combined  as  to  produce 
very  great  physical  discomfort,  abound.  But  even  under 
the  equator  it  is  possible  to  escape  the  tropical  heat  of  low 
levels  by  ascending  from  4,000  to  6,000  feet.  In  the  econ- 
omy of  nature  there  is  a  certain  limit  beyond  which  the 
two  extremes,  dryness  and  equability  of  temperature,  can 
not  co-exist;  thus  we  may  find  a  region  so  deficient  in 
moisture  as  to  satisfy  the  requirements  of  the  case,  but  the 
very  lack  of  moisture  is  a  condition  that  facilitates  radia- 
tion and  thus  contributes  to  great  extremes  of  temperature. 
Regions  may  be  found,  as  on  the  lower  Nile,  where  there  is 
a  lack  of  rainfall  coupled   with  a  h  gh  and  moderately  uni- 


44 

form  temperature.  The  mean  winter  temperature  of  Cairo, 
Egypt,  is  56°;  mean  summer  temperature,  83°;  a  range 
from  winter  to  summer  of  27°.  The  mean  winter  tempera- 
ture of  Phoenix,  Ariz.,  is  52°;  mean  summer  temperature, 
87°;  a  range  of  35°.  It  is  by  no  means  difficult  to  find  a 
counterpart  of  the  far-famed  Egyptian  climate  in  the  great 
Southwest. 

The  dryness  of  the  air  and  the  clearness  of  the  sky  are 
the  conditions  upon  which  daily  ranges  of  temperature 
depend;  the  greater  these,  the  greater  the  range  of  tem- 
perature from  day  to  night.  While  a  high  summer  temper- 
ature is  characteristic  of  the  Southv/est,  it  is  a  fact  long 
known  to  residents  of  that  section,  and  somewhat  imper- 
fectly realized  in  other  portions  of  the  country,  that  the 
sensation  of  heat  as  experienced  by  animal  life,  is  not 
accurately  measured  by  the  ordinary  thermometer.  The 
sensation  of  temperature  which  we  usually  refer  to  the  con- 
dition of  the  atmosphere  depends  not  only  on  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  air,  but  also  on  its  dryness,  the  velocity  of  the 
wind,  and  other  circumstances.  The  human  organism, 
when  perspiring  freely,  evaporates  the  moisture  of  its  sur- 
face and  thus  lowers  its  temperature.  The  meteorological 
instrument  that  registers  the  temperature  of  evaporation, 
and  thus,  in  a  great  measure,  the  actual  heat  felt  by  the 
human  body,  is  the  wet-bulb  thermometer.  The  latter,  as 
indicated  by  its  name,  is  simply  an  ordinary  mercurial 
thermometer,  whose  bulb  is  wetted  with  water  at  the  time 
of  observation. 

Chart  I  has  been  constructed  to  show  the  average  actual 
and  sensible  temperature  of  Weather  Bureau  stations  in  the 
United  States  for  the  summer  season. 


'/ 


45 

The  broad  principle  illustrated  by  this  chart  is  that  the 
greatest  differences  between  shade  and  sensible  temperatures 
are  round  where  the  air  is  the  driest,  and  the  least  where 
the  air  is  most  humid.  A  glance  at  the  chart  is  sufficient 
to  show  the  general  trend  of  the  lines  of  equal  air  and  sen- 
sible temperatures.  The  great  interior  valleys  and  the 
plains  east  of  the  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  are 
uniformly  heated  under  the  insolation  of  summer  to  an  aver- 
age of  from  65°on  the  northern  boundary,  to  about  80°  on 
the  Gulf  Coast.  The  northern  portion  of  this  vast  extent 
of  country  is,  moreover,  in  the  path  of  atmospheric  disturb- 
ances that  pass  from  west  to  east  over  our  northern  boun- 
daries, thus  causing  an  indraught  of  warm,  moist  air  from 
lower  latitudes.  Again,  the  distribution  of  atmospheric 
pressure  over  the  eastern  two-thirds  of  the  United  States 
is  at  times  such  as  to  cause  a  more  or  less  complete  stagna- 
tion of  the  generally  eastward  drift  of  the  air;  the  surface 
of  the  ground  warms  up  under  intense  insolation,  and  loses 
but  little  heat  by  radiation  at  night;  the  winds  are  light 
southerly  or  southeasterly  and  there  is  an  absence  of  ver- 
tical interchange  between  the  warm  surface  air  and  the 
cooler  air  aloft.  Such  conditions  sometimes  extend  over 
the  entire  Mississippi  Valley  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic 
seaboard.  On  the  other  hand  while  it  is  possible  for  a 
heated  term  to  prevail  over  an  arid  region  by  day,  the  rela- 
tively great  radiation  by  night  lowers  the  temperature  to 
an  endurable  degree,  and  there  is  but  little  bodily  discom- 
fort. The  heat  of  the  daytime,  moreover,  is  borne  without 
distress  by  reason  of  the  great  dryness  of  the  air.  The  red 
lines  of  Chart  I  show  the  temperature  of  evaporating  sur- 


46 

faces  in  summer  in  the  United  States.  It  will  be  seen  that 
the  line  of  60°,  which  marks  the  temperature  of  evaporation 
of  the  region  of  New  England  and  the  Great  Lakes,  passes 
almost  due  north  and  south  along  the  eastern  foothills  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  skirts  Southern  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona.  The  line  of  55°  passes  almost  due  south  from 
Eastern  Montana  to  Southeastern  New  Mexico,  and  thence 
northwesterly.  The  temperature  of  evaporation  in  all  of 
the  territory  above  this  line  (55°),  embracing  almost  two- 
thirds  of  the  arid  region  ss  below  55°;  in  fact,  in  almost 
one-third  of  the  region  it  is  not  over  50°.  The  sensible 
temperature  of  two-thirds  of  the  United  States,  or  east  of 
the  one  hundred  and  fifth  meridian,  ranges  from  55°  to  75°. 
West  of  the  one  hundred  and  fifth  meridian  the  range  is 
from  50°  to  65°. 

Chart  II  has  been  prepared  to  illustrate  the  extreme  dif- 
ferences that  prevail  in  midsummer,  the  8  p.m.,  seventy- 
fifth  meridian  time  observation  of  July  having  been  used. 
(8  p.  m.,  seventy-fifth  meridian,  corresponds  to  7  p.m.  cen- 
tral, 6  p.m.  mountain,  and  5  p.m.  Pacific  time.)  There  is 
an  objection  to  the  use  of  synchronous  time  in  depicting 
climatic  elements  that  have  a  marked  diurnal  period. 
Observations  taken  at  the  same  moment  of  local  mean  time 
should  be  used  whenever  possible,  but  the  exigencies  of  a 
service  instituted  for  the  purpose  of  forecasting  weather 
changes  demand  the  use  of  synchronous  time.  As  regards 
the  data  of  this  chart  (II),  it  may  be  urged  with  propriety 
that  a  comparison  of  thermometric  readings  made  at  the 
same  moment  of  time  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  is 
misleading,  since  an  accurate  estimate  can  not  be  made  of 


47 

the  amount  of  increase  of  temperature  for  western  stations 
due  to  diurnal  influences  alone,  and  it  was  mainly  with  a 
view  of  illustrating  this  fact  that  the  chart  was  prepared. 

The  thermometer  readings  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard  are 
made  near  the  hour  of  S  p.m.,  local  mean  time;  those  on 
the  California  coast  are  made  near  5  p.m.,  local  mean  time. 
Naturally,  the  Pacific  Coast  temperatures  are  considerably 
higher  than  those  on  the  other  side  of  the  continent,  three 
hours  later  in  the  afternoon.  The  contrast  between  the 
two  sides  of  the  country  is  plainly  shown  by  the  black  lines 
of  equal  actual  temperature  on  Chart  II,  and  it  will  also  be 
observed  that  the  Southwest  is  the  warmest  part  of  the 
United  States. 

The  lines  of  equal  sensible  heart,  on  the  other  hand, 
show  an  entirely  different  condition  as  regards  the  location 
of  greatest  heat.  The  arid  region  is  now  the  coolest  part 
of  the  United  States,  judged  from  the  temperature  of  evap- 
oration only.  The  line  of  60°  sensible  temperature,  start- 
ing in  New  England,  skirts  the  northern  boundary  as  far  as 
the  one  hundred  and  tenth  meridian;  thence  it  follows  a 
south-southeasterly  course  to  Southeastern  New  Mexico; 
thence  westerly  to  the  neighborhood  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal., 
and  thence  northerly,  with  a  few  unimportant  deflections, 
to  the  North  Pacific  coast. 

The  decrease  of  temperature  from  the  hour  of  ma.ximum 
heat  to  nightfall  is  not  regular,  nor  does  it  bear  any  definite 
relation  to  an  increase  in  longitude  reckoned  westward  from 
Greenwich.  A  comparison  of  the  normal  8  p.m.  seventy- 
fifth  meridian  time  temperatures  with  the  normal  maximum 
temperature  of  the  day  shows  that  on  the  eastern  coast  line 
the   temperature   at   8  p.m.    is,   on  the  average,  S"^  to   12° 


48 

lower  than  at  the  time  of  greatest  daily  heat.  In  the  lake 
region  and  lower  Ohio  Valley  the  difference  is  from  5°  to 
8°.  In  the  upper  Mississippi  and  Missouri  valleys  and 
Texas  and  the  plains  region  the  difference  averages  from  4° 
to  7°;  that  is  to  say,  the  temperatures  at  the  8  p.m.  obser- 
vation (corresponding  to  about  6:30  p.m.  local  time)  are 
from  4°  to  7°  lower  than  the  highest  point  reached  by  the 
thermometer  during  the  day.  On  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  although  the  evening  observation  is 
made  at  6  p.m.,  local  time,  two  hours  nearer  the  time  of 
greatest  heat  than  at  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  the  dif- 
ference is  as  great  as  at  the  last-named  places.  In  other 
words,  the  temperature  falls  as  much  by  6  p.m.  at  Denver, 
as  it  does  by  8  p.m.  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  This 
would  seem  to  be  the  result  of  the  greater  daily  range  and 
more  rapid  rate  of  cooling  at  elevated  stations.  West  of 
the  Rockies  the  differences  range  from  zero,  at  Red  Bluff, 
to  less  than  4°  in  the  great  interior  basin,  and  from  5°  to 
6°  in  Southern  Arizona. 

The  local  vicissitudes  of  temperature  are  well  illustrated 
in  the  case  of  Red  Bluff,  Cal.,  where  the  average  tempera- 
ture at  about  5  p.m.,  local  time,  is  but  four-tenths  of  a 
degree  below  the  maximum  of  the  day.  Curiously  enough, 
at  Los  Angeles,  in  the  lower  part  of  the  State,  the  5  p.m. 
temperatures  are  about  10°  lower  on  the  average  than  the 
maximum  of  the  day. 

Chart  III  has  been  constructed  to  show  the  relative 
humidity  of  the  United  States  in  summer.  The  data  used 
in  preparing  the  chart  were  the  synchronous  observations 
at  8  a.m.  and  8  p.m.,  seventy-fifth  meridian  time,  during 
the  eight  years  1889-96.     The  chart  itself  shows  better  than 


49 

mere  words  the  distinctively  dry  and  humid  regions.  The 
influence  of  the  ocean  is  seen  on  both  coasts,  as  also  that 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  great  lakes. 

Broadly  speaking,  the  variation  of  insolation  from  day 
to  night,  and  from  season  to  season,  with  the  changing 
declination  of  the  sun,  is  the  great  controlling  agent  of 
climate.  The  most  regular,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
simplest,  climate  of  the  world,  is  that  of  the  Tropics,  where 
the  succession  of  changes  from  day  to  day  are  as  monoto- 
nous in  their  regularity  as  they  are  enervating  on  the  human 
system.  The  great  life  zone,  the  seat  of  business  enter- 
prise and  activity,  is  found  in  temperate  climates.  Here 
the  simple  diurnal  changes  of  the  Tropics  are  largely 
masked  by  irregular  changes,  the  result  of  the  passage  of 
cyclonic  and  anti-cyclonic  systems.  The  sum  total  of  these 
changes  constitutes  the  weather  of  the  temperate  zone. 

Between  the  Tropics  and  the  temperate  zone  there  are, 
in  certain  longitudes,  considerable  areas  where  the  climate 
is  more  or  less  transitional  between  the  two  strongly  marked 
zones.  The  southwestern  part  of  the  United  States  may  be 
classed  as  having  a  climate  between  the  extremes  of  the 
Tropics  and  the  temperate  zones.  Not  being  within  the  path 
of  storm  frequency,  the  sequence  of  weather  is  more  uniform 
than  in  more  northern  latitudes,  or  on  the  same  parallel 
farther  east.  The  rainfall  is  deficient;  there  is  an  absence 
of  clouds;  insolation  by  day  and  radiation  by  night,  are 
both  strong;  the  range  of  temperature  from  day  to  night  is 
large,  from  25°  to  35°,  depending  upon  the  elevation  and 
character  of  the  surface  of  the  ground;  the  winds  are  gen- 
erally light  and  the  evaporation  is  high. 


TABLE   XVII. 


Deaths  in  1000  inhabitants,  1S96. 


Phoenix,  Ariz 

Boston,  Mass. 

New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Philadelphia,  Pa 

Atlantic  City,  N.J 

Washington,  D.  C 

Charleston,  S.  C 

Jacksonville,  Fla. . 

Atlanta,  Ga 

Tampa,  Fla 

Mobile,  Ala 

Vicksburg,  Miss. 

New  Orleans,  La 

Little  Rock,  Ark 

Galveston,  Tex. 

San  Antonio,  Tex. 

Memphis,  Tenn.... 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 

Pittsburgh,  Pa 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 

Cleveland,  Ohio .. 

Detroit,  Mich 

Chicago,  111 

St.  Paul,  Minn 

Des  Moines,  Iowa 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

Kansas  City,  Mo 

Omaha,  Neb 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 

San  Diego,  Cal. 


July. 


9 

26tVd 


on  "2 


24rV"iT 


i7tVu 


-"TTTiJ 


22 


1  oTi" 
I9tVt5 

T  C-"  ■♦_ 


20 

'  O  1  U  0 

1 1  -2JW 


August. 


27tVo 


24iVtj 


'25r''A 


26iV^ 
2ItVtj 

73^ 


THE  SUMMER  CLIMATE  OF  PHOENIX. 

An  article  by  W.M.    Lawrence  Woodruff,   M.D.,   Phoenix,  Arizona, 
published  in  The  Medical  Century,  for  September,  i8g6. 

The  month  of  June,  1896,  will  be  remembered  as  having 
the  highest  range  of  temperature,  and  for  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  consecutive  days  ever  known  in  the  Salt  River  Val- 
ley, if  not  in  the  United  States. 

The  following  table  shows  the  actual  heat  as  marked  by 
the  reading  of  the  dry-bulb  thermometer,  the  so-called  sen- 
sible temperature  (as  indicated  by  the  wet-bulb),  and  the 
relative  humidity  or  percentage  of  saturation,  according  to 
the  observations  of  the  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  at 
Phoenix,  Arizona: 


Actual 

Sensible 

Rel. 

Actual 

Sensible 

Rel. 

Date. 

Tempera- 

Tempera- 

Humid- 

Date. 

Tempera- 

Tempera- 

Humid- 

ture in 

ture  in 

ity. 

ture  in 

ture  in 

ity. 

Degrees. 

Degrees. 

per  ct. 

Degrees. 

Degrees. 

per  ct. 

I 

97.1 

65.6 

16 

16 

1 14.0 

73.0 

12 

3 

95-9 

64.0 

12 

17 

1 1 2.5 

70-3 

10 

3 

94.0 

61.0 

II 

18 

108.0 

730 

17 

4 

91.0 

60.8 

14 

'9 

102.0 

66.5 

12 

5 

93-8 

61.0 

12 

20 

103-5 

64.0 

7 

6 

94.8 

63.8 

15 

21 

105.0 

67.0 

10 

7 

97.0 

645 

13 

22 

104.2 

64.8 

8 

8 

100.8 

65 -4 

12 

23 

107.0 

74.0 

20 

9 

104.8 

64.8 

8 

24 

99.2 

63.8 

II 

10 

107.0 

67.0 

9 

25 

102.0 

68.5 

16 

II 

109.0 

67.8 

7 

26 

98.4 

C9.4 

21 

12 

109.5 

68.8 

10 

27 

102.2 

70.2 

19 

13 

114.8 

72.0 

13 

28 

102.8 

('>-7, 

13 

14 

"4-5 

730 

II 

29 

103.2 

66.3 

II 

15 

114.0 

7 1 -.5 

10 

30 

104.0 

68.0 

13 

51 


52 

From  June  9th  to  i8th  inclusive  was  the  longest  contin- 
uous period  of  extremely  hot  weather  within  the  memory  of 
the  oldest  inhabitant.  From  the  13th  to  the  17th,  the  best 
accredited  thermometers  (set  nearer  the  ground  than  the 
government  instrument),  registered  from  3°  to  5°  degrees 
higher,  and  indicated  from  118°  to  120°  Fahrenheit.  It 
will  be  noted  that  the  difference  between  the  actual  and 
sensible  temperature  (indicated  by  the  readings  of  the  dry 
and  wet-bulb  respectively)  was  from  30°  to  43°  degrees,  de- 
pending principally  upon  the  percentage  of  humidity.  On 
only  seven  days  did  the  relative  humidity  go  above  13  per 
cent.  This  is  a  fair  index  of  the  dryness  of  the  summer 
air  in  the  Salt  River  Valley. 

With  this  record  of  intense  heat,  extending  over  one- 
third  of  the  month,  should  be  coupled  that  of  the  wonder- 
ful exemption  from  disease  during  the  same  period.  No- 
where else  in  the  known  world  were  the  inhabitants  so 
healthy  as  in  Phoenix  and  its  vicinity.  There  was  practi- 
cally no  acute  sickness. 

The  following  table  of  deaths  for  June,  1896,  in  that 
portion  of  the  Salt  River  Valley  north  of  the  Salt  River, 
west  of  the  "Rio  Verde,"  and  east  of  the  "Agua  Fria," 
containing  a  population  of  16,000  and  including  the  city  of 
Phoenix,  is  a  fair  index  of  our  ordinary  summer  healthful- 
ness: 


53 


Cause  of  Death. 

No.  Cases. 

Age. 

Remarks. 

Puerperal  fever.,    .     

' 

27 
28-7 

2 

79 

64 

85-86 

H 

Typhoid  pneumonia ._ 

Bowel  disease     ._     

Tvphoid  fever  and  chronic  al- 
coholism      

Chronic   alcoholism  and    heat 
prostration    _  .. 

Tramp. 

Old  age 

Brain  fever .     _.    . 

Consumption 

All  transients. 

In  all,  thirteen  deaths.  If  the  five  cases  of  transients  be 
deducted  there  are  left  eight  deaths  in  a  population  of 
16,000  during  the  hottest  month  in  the  history  of  the  com- 
munity. 

During  the  months  of  May,  June,  July,  August,  and  Sep- 
tember, 1895,  there  was  but  one  death  each  month  from 
bowel  trouble  among  children  in  the  territory  named. 

During  the  five  summer  months  of  the  past  four  years 
the  total  death  rate  was  as  follows: 

1892,  one-fourth  of  one  per  cent. 

1893,  two-fifths  of  one  per  cent, 
1S94,  one-third  of  one  per  cent. 
1895,  one-fourth  of  one  per  cent. 

An  average  of  2  and  85-100  in  1,000  inhabitants.  This 
is  the  season,  in  all  other  parts  of  the  world,  of  greatest 
fatality  from  gastro-enteric  diseases. 

Were  it  possible  the  world  ought  to  know,  not  only  that 
the  Salt  River  Valley,  during  the  summer  tiine,  is  the 
healthiest  spot  on  earth,  but  that  the  healthy  individual 
and  the  health-seeker  can  live  here  in  comfort  and  with 
pleasure  during  the  heated  term.  We  feel  better,  brighter, 
stronger,  and  have  better  appetites  than  in  the  winter  sea- 


54 

son.  As  soon  as  the  weether  begins  to  warm  up,  aches, 
pains,  and  discomforts  vanish.  Life  is  not  only  livable, 
but  we  live  more  of  life  as  nature  intended  we  should  live  it. 

We  live  in  the  open  air.  The  lawn  is  parlor,  sleeping 
apartment,  and  often  dining-room.  The  diet  is  largely 
fruit  in  abundance  and  of  great  variety.  The  foliage  of 
quick-growing  trees  forms  a  grateful  shield  from  the  perpet- 
ual sunshine  of  the  day,  and  at  night  the  beauty  of  the 
moonlight  is  unsurpassed.  It  is  the  luxury  of  life  to  live  in 
the  open  air  throughout  the  dewless  night,  dressed  in  the 
lightest  garments,  and  without  a  fear  of  taking  cold.  There 
could  be  no  nobler  canopy  than  Arizona's  clear,  blue  star- 
lit sky.  There  is  rarely  a  night  so  warm  as  to  interfere 
with  sleep. 

The  days  are  hot  and  the  air  is  dry.  One  needs  to  drink 
water  frequently  and  copiously.  This  natural  appetite  can 
be  fully  gratified  without  risk.  The  effect  is  a  profuse  per- 
spiration, "flushing"  out  with  it  all  effete  material  from  the 
system.  As  soon  as  this  perspiration  reaches  the  surface 
it  is  evaporated,  and  the  heat  of  the  body  thereby  reduced. 
This  process  of  refrigeration  and  elimination  is  kept  up 
without  interruption  for  months  at  a  time,  and  is  the  expla- 
nation of  our  unparalleled  healthfulness. 

This  is  the  period  when  the  invalid  makes  his  greatest 
improvement.  To  get  the  most  benefit  from  this  climate, 
he  must  come  during  the  spring  and  summer,  rather  than 
in  the  fall  or  winter.  This  is  so  with  the  great  majority  of 
cases,  the  contrary  is  the  exception.  It  is  perfectly  safe 
for  our  people  from  any  part  of  the  country  to  come  to  the 
Salt  River  Valley  during  the  summer.  Our  hot,  dry  air  is 
stimulating  and  not  in  the  least  debilitating.     We  usually 


55 

find  (when  there  is  sufficient  vitality  left  to  expect  any 
benefit  at  all)  a  gain  in  weight  and  strength  so  long  as  the 
hot  weather  lasts.  A  summer  spent  here  with  its  unload- 
ing of  poisonous,  effete,  broken-down  tissues,  prepares  an 
invalid  to  get  the  greatest  benefit  from  our  genial  winters. 


•— > 

Di 

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a 
Pi 

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Oh 

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"  1   g  °o  ><)  <^  o-°o  oovt^ovOOvog'o 

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Date ._ 

Boston,  Mass 

New  York,  N.  Y.. 
Philadelphia,  Pa.  . 

Atlanta,  Ga 

Washington,  D.  C, 
Charleston,  S.  C,-- 
Jacksonville,  Fla.  . 
Atlantic  City,  N.J. 

Tampa,  Fla. 

Mobile,  Ala 

Vicksburg,  Miss... 
New  Orleans,  La.. 
Little  Rock,  Ark.. 
Galveston,  Tex 

Memphis,  lenn.  .. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.. 

Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Buffalo,  N.Y 

Cleveland,  Ohio  __ 

Detroit,  Mich 

Chicago,  111 

St.. Paul,  Minn 

Des  Moines,  lowa- 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Kansas  City,  Mo.  . 

Omaha,  Neb 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.. 
San  Diego,  Cal 

oovoooooooooo  o 
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